Antitumor Effects of Selenium
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Metabolism of Selenium Compounds
3. Effects of Selenium on Cancer Cells Depended on Its Concentration and Species
4. Selenium on Immune Functions and Anti-Inflammatory Activity
5. Blocking Tumor Invasion and Metastasis
6. Clinical Application of High Doses of Sodium Selenite with Radiation Therapy and Chemotherapies for Advanced Cancer Patients
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Clark, L.C.; Combs, G.F., Jr.; Turnbull, B.W.; Slate, E.H.; Chalker, D.K.; Chow, J.; Davis, L.S.; Glover, R.A.; Graham, G.F.; Gross, E.G.; et al. Effects of selenium supplementation for cancer prevention in patients with carcinoma of the skin. A randomized controlled trial. Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Study Group. JAMA 1996, 276, 1957–1963. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ip, C. Lessons from basic research in selenium and cancer prevention. J. Nutr. 1998, 128, 1845–1854. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Avery, J.C.; Hoffmann, P.R. Selenium, Selenoproteins, and Immunity. Nutrients 2018, 10, 1203. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Combs, G.F., Jr. Status of selenium in prostate cancer prevention. Br. J. Cancer 2004, 91, 195–199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Huang, Y.L.; Sheu, J.Y.; Lin, T.H. Association between oxidative stress and changes of trace elements in patients with breast cancer. Clin. Biochem. 1999, 32, 131–136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Glattre, E.; Thomassen, Y.; Thoresen, S.O.; Haldorsen, T.; Lund-Larsen, P.G.; Theodorsen, L.; Aaseth, J. Prediagnostic serum selenium in a case-control study of thyroid cancer. Int. J. Epidemiol. 1989, 18, 45–49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jaskiewicz, K.; Marasas, W.F.; Rossouw, J.E.; Van Niekerk, F.E.; Heine Tech, E.W. Selenium and other mineral elements in populations at risk for esophageal cancer. Cancer 1988, 62, 2635–2639. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Westin, T.; Ahlbom, E.; Johansson, E.; Sandstrom, B.; Karlberg, I.; Edstrom, S. Circulating levels of selenium and zinc in relation to nutritional status in patients with head and neck cancer. Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 1989, 115, 1079–1082. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Philipov, P.; Tzatchev, K. Selenium concentrations in serum of patients with cerebral and extracerebral tumors. Zent. Neurochir. 1988, 49, 344–347. [Google Scholar]
- Cai, X.; Wang, C.; Yu, W.; Fan, W.; Wang, S.; Shen, N.; Wu, P.; Li, X.; Wang, F. Selenium Exposure and Cancer Risk: An Updated Meta-analysis and Meta-regression. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 19213. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Vinceti, M.; Filippini, T.; Cilloni, S.; Bargellini, A.; Vergoni, A.V.; Tsatsakis, A.; Ferrante, M. Health risk assessment of environmental selenium: Emerging evidence and challenges (Review). Mol. Med. Rep. 2017, 15, 3323–3335. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Hatfield, D.L.; Tsuji, P.A.; Carlson, B.A.; Gladyshev, V.N. Selenium and selenocysteine: Roles in cancer, health, and development. Trends Biochem. Sci. 2014, 39, 112–120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Radomska, D.; Czarnomysy, R.; Radomski, D.; Bielawski, K. Selenium Compounds as Novel Potential Anticancer Agents. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 1009. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Evans, S.O.; Khairuddin, P.F.; Jameson, M.B. Optimising Selenium for Modulation of Cancer Treatments. Anticancer Res. 2017, 37, 6497–6509. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Kieliszek, M.; Lipinski, B. Selenium supplementation in the prevention of coronavirus infections (COVID-19). Med. Hypotheses 2020, 143, 109878. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, X.; Tian, Y.; Ha, P.; Gu, L. Determination of the selenomethionine content in grain and human blood. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu 1997, 26, 113–116. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Kim, T.; Jung, U.; Cho, D.Y.; Chung, A.S. Se-methylselenocysteine induces apoptosis through caspase activation in HL-60 cells. Carcinogenesis 2001, 22, 559–565. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Jung, U.; Zheng, X.; Yoon, S.O.; Chung, A.S. Se-methylselenocysteine induces apoptosis mediated by reactive oxygen species in HL-60 cells. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2001, 31, 479–489. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, A.; Jung, J.Y.; Son, M.; Lee, S.H.; Lim, J.S.; Chung, A.S. Long exposure of non-cytotoxic concentrations of methylselenol suppresses the invasive potential of B16F10 melanoma. Oncol. Rep. 2008, 20, 557–565. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Lu, J. Apoptosis and angiogenesis in cancer prevention by selenium. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 2001, 492, 131–145. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lu, J.; Pei, H.; Ip, C.; Lisk, D.J.; Ganther, H.; Thompson, H.J. Effect on an aqueous extract of selenium-enriched garlic on in vitro markers and in vivo efficacy in cancer prevention. Carcinogenesis 1996, 17, 1903–1907. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Kaeck, M.; Lu, J.; Strange, R.; Ip, C.; Ganther, H.E.; Thompson, H.J. Differential induction of growth arrest inducible genes by selenium compounds. Biochem. Pharm. 1997, 53, 921–926. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhong, W.; Oberley, T.D. Redox-mediated effects of selenium on apoptosis and cell cycle in the LNCaP human prostate cancer cell line. Cancer Res. 2001, 61, 7071–7078. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Lu, J.; Kaeck, M.; Jiang, C.; Wilson, A.C.; Thompson, H.J. Selenite induction of DNA strand breaks and apoptosis in mouse leukemic L1210 cells. Biochem. Pharm. 1994, 47, 1531–1535. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhu, Z.; Kimura, M.; Itokawa, Y.; Aoki, T.; Takahashi, J.A.; Nakatsu, S.; Oda, Y.; Kikuchi, H. Apoptosis induced by selenium in human glioma cell lines. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 1996, 54, 123–134. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Stewart, M.S.; Davis, R.L.; Walsh, L.P.; Pence, B.C. Induction of differentiation and apoptosis by sodium selenite in human colonic carcinoma cells (HT29). Cancer Lett. 1997, 117, 35–40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shen, H.M.; Yang, C.F.; Ong, C.N. Sodium selenite-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. Int. J. Cancer 1999, 81, 820–828. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yoon, S.O.; Kim, M.M.; Chung, A.S. Inhibitory effect of selenite on invasion of HT1080 tumor cells. J. Biol. Chem. 2001, 276, 20085–20092. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Jiang, C.; Wang, Z.; Ganther, H.; Lu, J. Distinct effects of methylseleninic acid versus selenite on apoptosis, cell cycle, and protein kinase pathways in DU145 human prostate cancer cells. Mol. Cancer Ther. 2002, 1, 1059–1066. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Wang, Z.; Jiang, C.; Ganther, H.; Lu, J. Antimitogenic and proapoptotic activities of methylseleninic acid in vascular endothelial cells and associated effects on PI3K-AKT, ERK, JNK and p38 MAPK signaling. Cancer Res. 2001, 61, 7171–7178. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Jiang, C.; Wang, Z.; Ganther, H.; Lu, J. Caspases as key executors of methyl selenium-induced apoptosis (anoikis) of DU-145 prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res. 2001, 61, 3062–3070. [Google Scholar]
- Ip, C.; Ganther, H.E. Comparison of selenium and sulfur analogs in cancer prevention. Carcinogenesis 1992, 13, 1167–1170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Lu, J.; Jiang, C. Selenium and cancer chemoprevention: Hypotheses integrating the actions of selenoproteins and selenium metabolites in epithelial and non-epithelial target cells. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 2005, 7, 1715–1727. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Varlamova, E.G.; Turovsky, E.A. The Main Cytotoxic Effects of Methylseleninic Acid on Various Cancer Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 6614. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hariharan, S.; Dharmaraj, S. Selenium and selenoproteins: It’s role in regulation of inflammation. Inflammopharmacology 2020, 28, 667–695. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Alvarez-Perez, M.; Ali, W.; Marc, M.A.; Handzlik, J.; Dominguez-Alvarez, E. Selenides and Diselenides: A Review of Their Anticancer and Chemopreventive Activity. Molecules 2018, 23, 628. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Lennicke, C.; Rahn, J.; Bukur, J.; Hochgrafe, F.; Wessjohann, L.A.; Lichtenfels, R.; Seliger, B. Modulation of MHC class I surface expression in B16F10 melanoma cells by methylseleninic acid. Oncoimmunology 2017, 6, e1259049. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wiesner-Reinhold, M.; Schreiner, M.; Baldermann, S.; Schwarz, D.; Hanschen, F.S.; Kipp, A.P.; Rowan, D.D.; Bentley-Hewitt, K.L.; McKenzie, M.J. Mechanisms of Selenium Enrichment and Measurement in Brassicaceous Vegetables, and Their Application to Human Health. Front. Plant. Sci. 2017, 8, 1365. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lu, J.; Jiang, C.; Kaeck, M.; Ganther, H.; Vadhanavikit, S.; Ip, C.; Thompson, H. Dissociation of the genotoxic and growth inhibitory effects of selenium. Biochem. Pharm. 1995, 50, 213–219. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ip, C.; Vadhanavikit, S.; Ganther, H. Cancer chemoprevention by aliphatic selenocyanates: Effect of chain length on inhibition of mammary tumors and DMBA adducts. Carcinogenesis 1995, 16, 35–38. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Ip, C.; Zhu, Z.; Thompson, H.J.; Lisk, D.; Ganther, H.E. Chemoprevention of mammary cancer with Se-allylselenocysteine and other selenoamino acids in the rat. Anticancer Res. 1999, 19, 2875–2880. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, Z.; Jiang, C.; Lu, J. Induction of caspase-mediated apoptosis and cell-cycle G1 arrest by selenium metabolite methylselenol. Mol. Carcinog. 2002, 34, 113–120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Drake, E.N. Cancer chemoprevention: Selenium as a prooxidant, not an antioxidant. Med. Hypotheses 2006, 67, 318–322. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wallenberg, M.; Misra, S.; Bjornstedt, M. Selenium cytotoxicity in cancer. Basic Clin. Pharm. Toxicol. 2014, 114, 377–386. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Fernandes, A.P.; Wallenberg, M.; Gandin, V.; Misra, S.; Tisato, F.; Marzano, C.; Rigobello, M.P.; Kumar, S.; Bjornstedt, M. Methylselenol formed by spontaneous methylation of selenide is a superior selenium substrate to the thioredoxin and glutaredoxin systems. PLoS ONE 2012, 7, e50727. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Francesconi, K.A.; Pannier, F. Selenium metabolites in urine: A critical overview of past work and current status. Clin. Chem. 2004, 50, 2240–2253. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ogra, Y.; Ishiwata, K.; Takayama, H.; Aimi, N.; Suzuki, K.T. Identification of a novel selenium metabolite, Se-methyl-N-acetylselenohexosamine, in rat urine by high-performance liquid chromatography--inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and--electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. B Anal. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 2002, 767, 301–312. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Watrach, A.M.; Milner, J.A.; Watrach, M.A.; Poirier, K.A. Inhibition of human breast cancer cells by selenium. Cancer Lett. 1984, 25, 41–47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Woo, J.; Kim, J.B.; Cho, T.; Yoo, E.H.; Moon, B.I.; Kwon, H.; Lim, W. Selenium inhibits growth of trastuzumab-resistant human breast cancer cells via downregulation of Akt and beclin-1. PLoS ONE 2021, 16, e0257298. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Charalabopoulos, K.; Kotsalos, A.; Batistatou, A.; Charalabopoulos, A.; Vezyraki, P.; Peschos, D.; Kalfakakou, V.; Evangelou, A. Selenium in serum and neoplastic tissue in breast cancer: Correlation with CEA. Br. J. Cancer 2006, 95, 674–676. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Selenius, M.; Rundlof, A.K.; Olm, E.; Fernandes, A.P.; Bjornstedt, M. Selenium and the selenoprotein thioredoxin reductase in the prevention, treatment and diagnostics of cancer. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 2010, 12, 867–880. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wallenberg, M.; Misra, S.; Wasik, A.M.; Marzano, C.; Bjornstedt, M.; Gandin, V.; Fernandes, A.P. Selenium induces a multi-targeted cell death process in addition to ROS formation. J. Cell Mol. Med. 2014, 18, 671–684. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yan, L.; Spallholz, J.E. Generation of reactive oxygen species from the reaction of selenium compounds with thiols and mammary tumor cells. Biochem. Pharm. 1993, 45, 429–437. [Google Scholar]
- Dirican, N.; Dirican, A.; Sen, O.; Aynali, A.; Atalay, S.; Bircan, H.A.; Ozturk, O.; Erdogan, S.; Cakir, M.; Akkaya, A. Thiol/disulfide homeostasis: A prognostic biomarker for patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer? Redox Rep. 2016, 21, 197–203. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lipinski, B. Sodium Selenite as an Anticancer Agent. Anticancer Agents Med. Chem. 2017, 17, 658–661. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Olm, E.; Fernandes, A.P.; Hebert, C.; Rundlof, A.K.; Larsen, E.H.; Danielsson, O.; Bjornstedt, M. Extracellular thiol-assisted selenium uptake dependent on the x(c)- cystine transporter explains the cancer-specific cytotoxicity of selenite. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2009, 106, 11400–11405. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Broome, C.S.; McArdle, F.; Kyle, J.A.; Andrews, F.; Lowe, N.M.; Hart, C.A.; Arthur, J.R.; Jackson, M.J. An increase in selenium intake improves immune function and poliovirus handling in adults with marginal selenium status. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2004, 80, 154–162. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sunde, R.A.; Li, J.L.; Taylor, R.M. Insights for Setting of Nutrient Requirements, Gleaned by Comparison of Selenium Status Biomarkers in Turkeys and Chickens versus Rats, Mice, and Lambs. Adv. Nutr. 2016, 7, 1129–1138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kiremidjian-Schumacher, L.; Roy, M.; Glickman, R.; Schneider, K.; Rothstein, S.; Cooper, J.; Hochster, H.; Kim, M.; Newman, R. Selenium and immunocompetence in patients with head and neck cancer. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 2000, 73, 97–111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zoidis, E.; Seremelis, I.; Kontopoulos, N.; Danezis, G.P. Selenium-Dependent Antioxidant Enzymes: Actions and Properties of Selenoproteins. Antioxidants 2018, 7, 66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Tinkov, A.A.; Ajsuvakova, O.P.; Filippini, T.; Zhou, J.C.; Lei, X.G.; Gatiatulina, E.R.; Michalke, B.; Skalnaya, M.G.; Vinceti, M.; Aschner, M.; et al. Selenium and Selenoproteins in Adipose Tissue Physiology and Obesity. Biomolecules 2020, 10, 658. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Reich, H.J.; Hondal, R.J. Why Nature Chose Selenium. ACS Chem. Biol. 2016, 11, 821–841. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Radomska, D.; Czarnomysy, R.; Radomski, D.; Bielawska, A.; Bielawski, K. Selenium as a Bioactive Micronutrient in the Human Diet and Its Cancer Chemopreventive Activity. Nutrients 2021, 13, 1649. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Spallholz, J.E.; Boylan, L.M.; Larsen, H.S. Advances in understanding selenium’s role in the immune system. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1990, 587, 123–139. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Peretz, A.; Neve, J.; Duchateau, J.; Famaey, J.P. Adjuvant treatment of recent onset rheumatoid arthritis by selenium supplementation: Preliminary observations. Br. J. Rheumatol. 1992, 31, 281–282. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- McCloy, R. Chronic pancreatitis at Manchester, UK. Focus on antioxidant therapy. Digestion 1998, 59 (Suppl. S4), 36–48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shaheen, S.O.; Sterne, J.A.; Tompson, R.L.; Songhurst, C.E.; Margetts, B.M.; Burney, P.G. Dietary antioxidants and asthma in adults. Eur. Respir. J. 1999, 14 (Suppl. S30), 141s. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Favrot, C.; Beal, D.; Blouin, E.; Leccia, M.T.; Roussel, A.M.; Rachidi, W. Age-Dependent Protective Effect of Selenium against UVA Irradiation in Primary Human Keratinocytes and the Associated DNA Repair Signature. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2018, 2018, 5895439. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Vinceti, M.; Filippini, T.; Del Giovane, C.; Dennert, G.; Zwahlen, M.; Brinkman, M.; Zeegers, M.P.; Horneber, M.; D’Amico, R.; Crespi, C.M. Selenium for preventing cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018, 1, CD005195. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Perchellet, J.P.; Abney, N.L.; Thomas, R.M.; Guislain, Y.L.; Perchellet, E.M. Effects of combined treatments with selenium, glutathione, and vitamin E on glutathione peroxidase activity, ornithine decarboxylase induction, and complete and multistage carcinogenesis in mouse skin. Cancer Res. 1987, 47, 477–485. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Kise, Y.; Yamamura, M.; Kogata, M.; Nakagawa, M.; Uetsuji, S.; Takada, H.; Hioki, K.; Yamamoto, M. Inhibition by selenium of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma induction in Syrian golden hamsters by N′-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine. Nutr. Cancer 1991, 16, 153–164. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Angstwurm, M.W.; Engelmann, L.; Zimmermann, T.; Lehmann, C.; Spes, C.H.; Abel, P.; Strauss, R.; Meier-Hellmann, A.; Insel, R.; Radke, J.; et al. Selenium in Intensive Care (SIC): Results of a prospective randomized, placebo-controlled, multiple-center study in patients with severe systemic inflammatory response syndrome, sepsis, and septic shock. Crit. Care Med. 2007, 35, 118–126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yan, L.; Yee, J.A.; McGuire, M.H.; Graef, G.L. Effect of dietary supplementation of selenite on pulmonary metastasis of melanoma cells in mice. Nutr. Cancer 1997, 28, 165–169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yan, L.; Yee, J.A.; Li, D.; McGuire, M.H.; Graef, G.L. Dietary supplementation of selenomethionine reduces metastasis of melanoma cells in mice. Anticancer Res. 1999, 19, 1337–1342. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Liu, Y.H.; Tian, H.S.; Wang, D.X. Inhibitory effect of selenium yeast on the metastasis of Lewis lung carcinoma in C57BL mice. Studies with reference of histochemistry and ultrastructure. Chin. Med. J. 1987, 100, 549–554. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Fares, J.; Fares, M.Y.; Khachfe, H.H.; Salhab, H.A.; Fares, Y. Molecular principles of metastasis: A hallmark of cancer revisited. Signal. Transduct. Target. Ther. 2020, 5, 28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Park, J.M.; Kim, A.; Oh, J.H.; Chung, A.S. Methylseleninic acid inhibits PMA-stimulated pro-MMP-2 activation mediated by MT1-MMP expression and further tumor invasion through suppression of NF-kappaB activation. Carcinogenesis 2007, 28, 837–847. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kim, A.; Oh, J.H.; Park, J.M.; Chung, A.S. Methylselenol generated from selenomethionine by methioninase downregulates integrin expression and induces caspase-mediated apoptosis of B16F10 melanoma cells. J. Cell Physiol. 2007, 212, 386–400. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Marciel, M.P.; Hoffmann, P.R. Selenoproteins and Metastasis. Adv. Cancer Res. 2017, 136, 85–108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wu, X.; Zhang, Y.; Pei, Z.; Chen, S.; Yang, X.; Chen, Y.; Lin, D.; Ma, R.Z. Methylseleninic acid restricts tumor growth in nude mice model of metastatic breast cancer probably via inhibiting angiopoietin-2. BMC Cancer 2012, 12, 192. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Knox, S.J.; Jayachandran, P.; Keeling, C.A.; Stevens, K.J.; Sandhu, N.; Stamps-DeAnda, S.L.; Savic, R.; Shura, L.; Buyyounouski, M.K.; Grimes, K. Results from a Phase 1 Study of Sodium Selenite in Combination with Palliative Radiation Therapy in Patients with Metastatic Cancer. Transl. Oncol. 2019, 12, 1525–1531. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Brodin, O.; Eksborg, S.; Wallenberg, M.; Asker-Hagelberg, C.; Larsen, E.H.; Mohlkert, D.; Lenneby-Helleday, C.; Jacobsson, H.; Linder, S.; Misra, S.; et al. Pharmacokinetics and Toxicity of Sodium Selenite in the Treatment of Patients with Carcinoma in a Phase I Clinical Trial: The SECAR Study. Nutrients 2015, 7, 4978–4994. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Song, M.; Kumaran, M.N.; Gounder, M.; Gibbon, D.G.; Nieves-Neira, W.; Vaidya, A.; Hellmann, M.; Kane, M.P.; Buckley, B.; Shih, W.; et al. Phase I trial of selenium plus chemotherapy in gynecologic cancers. Gynecol. Oncol. 2018, 150, 478–486. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
Indication/Dose | ||
---|---|---|
Pre-treatment after diagnosis | 200~300 μg/d | Oral/ample |
Intensive care | Ample/injection | |
Operation | 1000~2000 μg/d pre-operation 1~2 h | Ample/injection |
Radiation | 1000~2000 μg/d pre-radiation 1~2 h [80,81] | Ample/injection |
Chemotherapy | 2000~3000 μg/d pre-chemotherapy 1~2 h | Ample/injection |
Recovery period | 500~1000 μg/d | Ample/injection |
Multi-organ metastasis | 3000~5000 μg/d | Ample/injection |
Multidisciplinary treatment failure | 5000 μg~10,200 μg/d | Ample/injection |
Survivorship clinic | 500~1000 μg/d (early) | Ample/injection |
200~300 μg/d (late) | Oral/ample |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Kim, S.J.; Choi, M.C.; Park, J.M.; Chung, A.S. Antitumor Effects of Selenium. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 11844. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222111844
Kim SJ, Choi MC, Park JM, Chung AS. Antitumor Effects of Selenium. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(21):11844. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222111844
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Seung Jo, Min Chul Choi, Jong Min Park, and An Sik Chung. 2021. "Antitumor Effects of Selenium" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 21: 11844. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222111844
APA StyleKim, S. J., Choi, M. C., Park, J. M., & Chung, A. S. (2021). Antitumor Effects of Selenium. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(21), 11844. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222111844