The Clinical Application of Pulsed Radiofrequency Induces Inflammatory Pain via MAPKs Activation: A Novel Hint for Pulsed Radiofrequency Treatment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. The Clinically Used Voltages of PRF Induced Mechanical Allodynia and Cold Hyperalgesia in Rat Paw
2.2. PRF Induced Inflammatory MAPKs Activation in Non-Spared Injury/Intact Nerve in the Lumbar Dorsal Horn
2.3. PRF Induced Inflammatory Cytokines and Matrix Metalloproteinases Expression in Non-Spared Injury/Intact Nerves of the Lumbar Dorsal Horn
2.4. The 60 V PRF Treatment Commonly Used in Clinical Practice Induced the Activation of p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 in Neurons and Microglial Cells
2.5. MAPK Antagonists Treatment May Relief PRF-Induced Mechanical Allodynia and Cold Hyperalgesia in Rats
3. Discussion
3.1. Application, Comorbidity, and Impact of PRF for Pain Management
3.2. Correlation between Inflammatory and Neuropathic Pain
3.3. The Role of MMPs, MCP-1, IL-6 in Pathological Pain and Nerve Inflammation
3.4. The Role of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling in Pain
3.5. The Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of PRF Therapy on Refractory Pain
3.6. Limitation of This Study
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Animal Grouping and Treatment
4.2. Pulsed Radiofrequency Treatment
4.3. Behavioral Testing of Tactile Allodynia and Cold Allodynia
4.4. Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Activity Array
4.5. Western Blotting
4.6. Immunofluorescent Staining
4.7. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Lin, F.-Y.; Huang, K.-F.; Chen, J.-C.; Lai, M.-F.; Ma, K.-H.; Yeh, C.-C. The Clinical Application of Pulsed Radiofrequency Induces Inflammatory Pain via MAPKs Activation: A Novel Hint for Pulsed Radiofrequency Treatment. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 11865. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222111865
Lin F-Y, Huang K-F, Chen J-C, Lai M-F, Ma K-H, Yeh C-C. The Clinical Application of Pulsed Radiofrequency Induces Inflammatory Pain via MAPKs Activation: A Novel Hint for Pulsed Radiofrequency Treatment. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(21):11865. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222111865
Chicago/Turabian StyleLin, Feng-Yen, Kuo-Feng Huang, Jui-Chieh Chen, Meng-Fu Lai, Kuo-Hsing Ma, and Chun-Chang Yeh. 2021. "The Clinical Application of Pulsed Radiofrequency Induces Inflammatory Pain via MAPKs Activation: A Novel Hint for Pulsed Radiofrequency Treatment" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 21: 11865. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222111865