Sulfur-Induced Resistance against Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae via Triggering Salicylic Acid Signaling Pathway in Kiwifruit
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Soil Treatment of Sulfur Enhances Kiwifruit against Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae
2.2. Sulfur Improved Photosynthetic Characteristics of Kiwifruit
2.3. Effect of Sulfur on Chlorophyll Content in Kiwifruit Leaves
2.4. Sulfur Activates the SA Signaling Pathways and Inhibits the JA Signaling Pathway
2.5. Expression of Resistance-Genes in Leaf and Stem of Kiwifruit under Sulfur Treatment
2.6. Induction of Higher Lignin Accumulation and Deposition
2.7. Chitinase and ß-1,3-Glucanase Activity
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Materials
4.2. Field Experiments
4.3. Assessment of Disease Incidence: Disease Severity Index and Induction Effect
4.4. Photosynthesis Parameters and Fluorescence Parameters
4.5. Leaf Chlorophyll Content
4.6. Salicylic Acid (SA) and Jasmonic Acid (JA) Contents Measurements
4.7. RNA Extraction and Quantitative RT-PCR
4.8. Measurement of Lignin Content and Histochemical Analysis
4.9. Extraction and Assay of β-1,3-Glucanase and Chitinase
4.9.1. Assay for Chitinase Activity
4.9.2. Assay for β-1,3-Glucanase Activity
5. Statistical Analysis
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
Psa | Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae: |
SA | Salicylic Acid |
JA | Jasmonic Acid |
SIR | Sulfur-induced resistance |
SAR | Activates systemic acquired resistance |
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Number | Treatment |
---|---|
S0 | Sulfur-deficiency+10 kg m−3 organic fertilizer (as a control) |
S1.0 | 1.0 kg m−3 Sulfur powder +10 kg organic fertilizer |
S1.5 | 1.5 kg m−3 Sulfur powder +10 kg organic fertilizer |
S2.0 | 2.0 kg m−3 Sulfur powder +10 kg organic fertilizer |
S2.5 | 2.5 kg m−3 Sulfur powder +10 kg organic fertilizer |
S3.0 | 3.0 kg m−3 Sulfur powder +10 kg organic fertilizer |
Gene Name | Forward Primer | Reverse Primer |
---|---|---|
AcActin | CACCCTGTGCTGCTTACAGA | GAGAGAGAACGGCCTGAATG |
AcPR-1 | GCCCCCGGTAAGGTTTGT | CGAACCAAGACCCACTATTGC |
AcPR-5 | TTCACCAACCTCAGTTCT | ATCGTAAGCGTAACTATAAGC |
AcPR-8 | TTTGGATGGAATTGACTTTGACA | TTCTTGCCACGACTGCTATA |
AcPR-10 | TGCTACACTTTAATTGAAGGC | TTGCTTGTCATCTTAGTAATCG |
AcPAL | CGGAGCAACACAACCAAGA | CCTGACATAGTGCGACTACATAG |
AcICS1 | AGGCGAGGCTTCTAATTG | ACAGCAAACTCACTCTCTC |
AcLOX | GGAGAAGCCATTGCCAAT | GGACGGTAATAAGTTGTGAAGTA |
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Zhang, Z.; Long, Y.; Yin, X.; Yang, S. Sulfur-Induced Resistance against Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae via Triggering Salicylic Acid Signaling Pathway in Kiwifruit. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 12710. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222312710
Zhang Z, Long Y, Yin X, Yang S. Sulfur-Induced Resistance against Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae via Triggering Salicylic Acid Signaling Pathway in Kiwifruit. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(23):12710. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222312710
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Zhuzhu, Youhua Long, Xianhui Yin, and Sen Yang. 2021. "Sulfur-Induced Resistance against Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae via Triggering Salicylic Acid Signaling Pathway in Kiwifruit" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 23: 12710. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222312710