Costunolide, a Sesquiterpene Lactone, Suppresses Skin Cancer via Induction of Apoptosis and Blockage of Cell Proliferation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Costunolide Reduced Cell Viability in A431 Cells
2.2. Costunolide Induced Apoptosis and Suppressed Proliferation in A431 Cells
2.3. Costunolide Regulates the Bcl-2 Family Proteins in A431 Cells
2.4. Costunolide Triggered Caspase-3 Activation, Poly-ADP Ribose Polymerase (PARP) Cleavage, and Increase in p21 Expression in A431 Cells
2.5. Costunolide Triggered Apoptosis via Activation of JNK and p38 Signaling in A431 Cells
2.6. Costunolide Suppressed Cell Proliferation and Survival via Inhibiting ERK, STAT3, NF-κB, and Akt Activation in A431 Cells
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Materials
4.2. Cell Culture
4.3. Cytotoxicity Assay
control)]/[(OD450positive control − OD450background) − (OD450negative control − OD450background control)] × 100
4.4. Trypan Blue Exclusion Assay
4.5. Analysis of Apoptotic Cell Death
4.6. TUNEL Assay
4.7. BrdU Incorporation Assay
4.8. Western Blot Analysis
4.9. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Lee, S.H.; Cho, Y.-C.; Lim, J.S. Costunolide, a Sesquiterpene Lactone, Suppresses Skin Cancer via Induction of Apoptosis and Blockage of Cell Proliferation. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 2075. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22042075
Lee SH, Cho Y-C, Lim JS. Costunolide, a Sesquiterpene Lactone, Suppresses Skin Cancer via Induction of Apoptosis and Blockage of Cell Proliferation. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(4):2075. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22042075
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Sung Ho, Young-Chang Cho, and Jae Sung Lim. 2021. "Costunolide, a Sesquiterpene Lactone, Suppresses Skin Cancer via Induction of Apoptosis and Blockage of Cell Proliferation" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 4: 2075. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22042075