Hypothalamic Microglial Heterogeneity and Signature under High Fat Diet–Induced Inflammation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Microglial Heterogeneity in the Hypothalamus
3. Hypothalamic Microglia–Astrocyte Crosstalk
4. Advances in Experimental Manipulation of Microglia
4.1. Ex Vivo Models
4.2. In Vivo Models
5. Microglial Signature Changes Upon HFD-Induced Hypothalamic Inflammation
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ARC | Arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus |
BAMs | Border-associated macrophages |
BBB | Blood–brain barrier |
BMDC | Bone-marrow-derived cells |
CAMs | CNS-associated macrophages |
CCL2 | Chemokine C-C motif ligand-2 |
CCR2 | C-C chemokine receptor type 2 |
CD11b | Cluster of differentiation molecule 11B |
CD169 | Sialoadhesin |
CNS | Central nervous system |
CSF1R | Colony stimulating factor 1 receptor |
CX3CR1 | CX3C chemokine receptor 1 |
CyTOF | Mass cytometry |
DAM | Disease-associated microglia |
DIO | Diet-induced obesity |
DM | Dark microglia |
EAE | Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis |
FACS | Fluorescence-activated cell sorting |
FFAs | Free fatty acids |
GFAP | Glial fibrillary acidic protein |
Hexb | Beta-hexosaminidase subunit beta |
HFD | High-fat diet |
IBA1 | Ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 |
iNOS | Inducible nitric oxide synthase |
ITGAM | Integrin subunit alpha M |
LHA | Lateral hypothalamic area |
LPS | Lipopolysaccharide |
MACS | Magnetic-activated cell sorting |
MCP-1 | Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 |
ME | Median eminence |
P2ry12 | Purinergic receptor P2Y12 |
PVH | Paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus |
PVMs | Perivascular macrophages |
ROS | Reactive oxygen species |
scRNA-seq | Single-cell RNA sequencing |
SFAs | Saturated fatty acids |
Siglec | Sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin super-family lectin |
snRNA-seq | Single-nucleus RNA sequencing |
TGF-β | Transforming growth factor beta |
TLR4 | Toll-like receptor 4 |
Tmem119 | Transmembrane protein 119 |
TREM2 | Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 |
VEGF | Vascular endothelial growth factor |
VMH | Ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus |
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Manipulating Microglia | Labeling Microglia | Depleting Microglia | Targeting Myeloid Cells | Targeting Microglia and PVMs |
---|---|---|---|---|
CX3CR1-Cre | CX3CR1EGFP | Csf1r-FIREΔ/Δ [145] | LysMEGFP | Sall1ncre:Cx3cr1ccre [146] |
CX3CR1-CreERT2 | Tmem119EGFP [147] | LysM-Cre | Lyve1ncre: Cx3cr1ccre [146] | |
P2ry12-CreERT2 [148] | Tmem119TdTomato [149] | |||
Tmem119-CreERT2 [147] | HexbTdTomato [150] | |||
Hexb-CreERT2 [150] |
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Mendes, N.F.; Jara, C.P.; Zanesco, A.M.; de Araújo, E.P. Hypothalamic Microglial Heterogeneity and Signature under High Fat Diet–Induced Inflammation. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 2256. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22052256
Mendes NF, Jara CP, Zanesco AM, de Araújo EP. Hypothalamic Microglial Heterogeneity and Signature under High Fat Diet–Induced Inflammation. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(5):2256. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22052256
Chicago/Turabian StyleMendes, Natália Ferreira, Carlos Poblete Jara, Ariane Maria Zanesco, and Eliana Pereira de Araújo. 2021. "Hypothalamic Microglial Heterogeneity and Signature under High Fat Diet–Induced Inflammation" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 5: 2256. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22052256