piRNAs as Modulators of Disease Pathogenesis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Structure and Function of piRNAs
2.1. piRNA Structure and Biogenesis
2.2. Transposon Silencing
2.3. Epigenetic Regulation
2.4. Post-transcriptional and Translational Control
3. piRNAs vs other sncRNAs
4. The Role of piRNAs in Cardiomyopathies
5. Influence of piRNAs in Cancer Pathogenesis
5.1. Breast Cancer
5.2. Lung Cancer
5.3. Colorectal Cancer
5.4. Gastric Cancer
5.5. Bladder Cancer
5.6. Liver Cancer
5.7. Melanoma
5.8. Glioblastoma
5.9. Pancreatic Cancer
6. piRNAs and Infectious Diseases
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Disease/ Pathology | piRNA | Upregulated/ Downregulated | Gene Target | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cardiac Hypertrophy/Cardiac Failure | piR-141981/cardiac-hypertrophy-associated piRNA (CHAPIR) | Upregulated in mice that underwent transverse aortic construction surgery | Myh7, Anp, Bnp, and PARP10 mRNA | [22] |
Cardiac Hypertrophy/Cardiac Failure | piR-13375 and piR-106654 | Downregulated in mice that underwent transverse aortic construction surgery | Not identified | [22] |
Cardiac Failure | has-piR-006426 and has-piR-0200009 | Downregulated in the serum exosomes of patients experiencing heart failure | Not identified | [23] |
Myocardial Infarction | piR_2106027 | Upregulated in the serum of patients with Troponin-I negative myocardial infarction | Troponin-I | [24] |
Cardiac Tissue Regeneration/ Angiogenesis | piR-55490 | Not specified | mTOR | [25,26] |
Breast Cancer | piR-4987 | Upregulation promotes lymph node metastasis | Not identified | [27] |
Breast Cancer | piR-021285 | Not specified | Induces methylation several genes related to breast cancer in vitro | [28] |
Lung Cancer | piR-L-163 | Upregulated upon cisplatin treatment in vitro and in vivo | Regulates ezrin-radixin-moesin (ERM) proteins | [29] |
Lung Cancer | piR-651 | Upregulated | Promotes the upregulation of cyclins and CDKs | [30] |
Colorectal Cancer | piR-1245 | Upregulation promotes colorectal cancer tumor growth |
Suppresses multiple tumor suppressors such as ATF3, DUSP1, and SESN2 | [31] |
Gastric Cancer | PiRNA-823 | Upregulated in patients with multiple myeloma | Regulates de novo DNA methylases DNMT3A and 3B and angiogenesis | [32] |
Bladder Cancer | piRNA-DQ594040 | Upregulated in tissue from patients with bladder cancer | May regulate Tumor Necrosis Factor Superfamily Member 4 (TNFSF4) | [33] |
Liver Cancer | piR-Hep1 | Upregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma samples | Upregulates PI3K/AKT | [34,35] |
Pancreatic Cancer | piR-017061 | Downregulated in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma tissue | Not identified | [36] |
Pancreatic Cancer | piR-016658 and piR-001311 | Have been detected in the extracellular RNA of pancreatic cancer patients | Not identified | [36] |
Trypanosoma cruzi infection in cardiac myocytes | piR-753 and piR-18573 | Upregulate d during early phase of infection | FOS | [37] |
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Rayford, K.J.; Cooley, A.; Rumph, J.T.; Arun, A.; Rachakonda, G.; Villalta, F.; Lima, M.F.; Pratap, S.; Misra, S.; Nde, P.N. piRNAs as Modulators of Disease Pathogenesis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 2373. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22052373
Rayford KJ, Cooley A, Rumph JT, Arun A, Rachakonda G, Villalta F, Lima MF, Pratap S, Misra S, Nde PN. piRNAs as Modulators of Disease Pathogenesis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(5):2373. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22052373
Chicago/Turabian StyleRayford, Kayla J., Ayorinde Cooley, Jelonia T. Rumph, Ashutosh Arun, Girish Rachakonda, Fernando Villalta, Maria F. Lima, Siddharth Pratap, Smita Misra, and Pius N. Nde. 2021. "piRNAs as Modulators of Disease Pathogenesis" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 5: 2373. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22052373