Combined Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analysis Reveals the Role of Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis Pathway in the Salt Tolerance Process of Sophora alopecuroides
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Physiological Changes of S. alopecuroides under Salt Stress
2.2. Transcriptomic Analysis of the Response of S. alopecuroides to Salt Stress
2.3. Metabonomic Analysis on the Response of S. alopecuroides to Salt Stress
2.4. Integrated Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analysis of the Response of S. alopecuroides to Salt Stress
2.5. Combined Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analysis on the Response of S. alopecuroides in the LSP under Salt Stress
2.6. Combined Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analysis on the Response of S. alopecuroides in the FSP under Salt Stress
3. Discussion
4. Material and Methods
4.1. Plant Growth and Salt Stress
4.2. Measurement and Analysis of Physiological Indices
4.3. Transcriptome Sequencing and Data Analysis
4.4. Metabolite Profiling Analysis
4.5. Metabolome and Transcriptome Co-Expression Network Analysis
4.6. The qRT-PCR Validation for DEGs
4.7. Statistical Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
RWC | Relative water content |
MDA | Malondialdehyde |
ROS | Reactive oxygen species |
DEGs | Differentially expressed genes |
DMs | Differential metabolites |
H2O2 | Hydrogen peroxide |
POD | Peroxidase |
CAT | Catalase |
SOD | Superoxide dismutase |
GR | Glutathione reductase |
GST | Glutathione S-transferase |
ABA | Abscisic acid |
CKs | Cytokinins |
SLs | Strigolactones |
GA | Gibberellin |
JA | Jasmonic acid |
SA | Salicylic acid |
PHB | Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis |
FLB | Flavonoid Biosynthesis |
CHS | Chalcone synthase |
CHIS | Chalcone isomerase |
CPM | Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase |
VIP | Variable Importance in the Projection |
FC | Fold change |
HCA | Hierarchical clustering analysis |
PAL | Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase |
PCA | Principal component analysis |
C4H | Trans-cinnamate 4-monooxygenase |
COMT | Caffeic acid 3-O-methyltransferase |
4CL | 4-coumarate–CoA ligase |
CCR | Cinnamoyl-CoA reductase |
CADH | Cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase |
UGT | Coniferyl-alcohol glucosyltransferase |
HCT | O-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase |
CYM | Coumaroylquinate (coumaroylshikimate) 3′-monooxygenase |
FHD | Flavonoid 3′,5′-hydroxylase |
FLS | Flavonol synthase |
ANR | Anthocyanidin reductase |
ANS | Leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase |
FW | Fresh weight |
SW | Saturated weight |
DW | Dry weight |
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Database | Number of Unigenes | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|
Annotated in NR | 80,384 | 55.8 |
Annotated in NT | 72,447 | 50.29 |
Annotated in KO | 31,769 | 22.05 |
Annotated in SwissProt | 59,963 | 41.62 |
Annotated in PFAM | 61,906 | 42.97 |
Annotated in GO | 61,901 | 42.97 |
Annotated in KOG | 27,796 | 19.29 |
Annotated in all Databases | 12,155 | 8.43 |
Annotated in at least one Database | 105,318 | 73.11 |
Total Unigenes | 144,051 | 100 |
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Zhu, Y.; Wang, Q.; Wang, Y.; Xu, Y.; Li, J.; Zhao, S.; Wang, D.; Ma, Z.; Yan, F.; Liu, Y. Combined Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analysis Reveals the Role of Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis Pathway in the Salt Tolerance Process of Sophora alopecuroides. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 2399. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22052399
Zhu Y, Wang Q, Wang Y, Xu Y, Li J, Zhao S, Wang D, Ma Z, Yan F, Liu Y. Combined Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analysis Reveals the Role of Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis Pathway in the Salt Tolerance Process of Sophora alopecuroides. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(5):2399. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22052399
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhu, Youcheng, Qingyu Wang, Ying Wang, Yang Xu, Jingwen Li, Shihui Zhao, Doudou Wang, Zhipeng Ma, Fan Yan, and Yajing Liu. 2021. "Combined Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analysis Reveals the Role of Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis Pathway in the Salt Tolerance Process of Sophora alopecuroides" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 5: 2399. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22052399