MicroRNAs as Modulators of Oral Tumorigenesis—A Focused Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. MicroRNA Biogenesis
3. MicroRNAs in Oral Cancer Pathogenesis
3.1. Proliferation
3.2. Apoptosis
3.3. Epithelial-To-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT)
3.4. Invasion and Migration
3.5. Metastasis
3.6. Chemoresistance
3.7. Radio-Resistance and Radiosensitivity
4. miRNAs as Biomarkers for Oral Cancers
5. miRNAs as a Therapeutic Approach for Oral Cancer
6. Conclusions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AGO | Argonaute; |
AKT | Protein kinase B; |
AUC | Area Under Curve; |
BCL2L2 | Bcl-2-like protein 2; |
BIN1 | Bridging integrator 1 Protein; |
BMI-1 | B lymphoma Mo-MLV insertion region 1 homolog; |
CAF | Cancer-associated fibroblast; |
CCNG | Cyclin G; |
CDDP | Cisplatin; |
CDH1 | Cadherin 1; |
CDKN | Cyclin-dependent protein kinases; |
COL10A1 | Collagen Type X Alpha 1 Chain; |
COL1A1 | Collagen type 1 alpha 1; |
CX3CL1 | Chemokine ligand 1; |
CXCL17 | Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 17 (CCL17); |
CYP3A5 | Cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A member 5; |
DDR1 | Discoidin Domain Receptor 1; |
DFS | Disease-free survival; |
DGCR8 | DiGeorge syndrome chromosomal (or critical) region 8; |
DNA | Deoxyribonucleic Acid; |
EMT | Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition; |
FAP | Familial adenomatous polyposis; |
FGF2 | Fibroblast growth factor 2; |
FGFR | Fibroblast growth factor; |
FGFR2 | Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2; |
FOXP4 | Forkhead box P4; |
GLUT1 | Glucose Transporter 1; |
GRAP | GRB2 related adaptor protein; |
GTP | Guanosine triphosphate; |
HDAC | Histone deacetylase; |
HNSCC | Head and neck squamous carcinoma; |
HOXA10 | Homeobox A10; |
HOXB7 | Homeobox B7; |
HPV | Human papillomavirus; |
ICAM | Intercellular adhesion molecule; |
IGF | Insulin-like growth factor; |
IL32 | Interleukin 32; |
ITGB1 | Integrin subunit beta 1; |
LATS2 | Large tumor suppressor, homolog 2; |
LIMK1 | LIM Domain Kinase 1; |
MEG3 | Maternally expressed gene 3; |
miRISC | miRNA induced silencing complex; |
miRNAs | MicroRNAs; |
MMP2 | Matrix metalloproteinase-2; |
mRNA | Messenger RNA; |
MTMR3 | Myotubularin related protein 3; |
OSCC | Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma; |
PCNA | Proliferating cell nuclear antigen; |
PDCD | Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficiency; |
PTEN | Phosphatase and tensin homolog; |
RASSF5 | Ras Association Domain Family Member 5; |
RB1 | Retinoblastoma susceptibility gene; |
RISC | RNA-induced silencing complex; |
RNA | Ribonucleic acid; |
ROC | Receiver operating characteristic; |
SCAI | Suppressor of cancer cell invasion; |
SCC | Squamous cell carcinoma; |
SEMA6A | Semaphorin 6A; |
SHP2 | SH2 containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-2; |
SOCS1 | Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1; |
STAT | Signal transducer and activator of transcription; |
TIMP | Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase; |
TME | Tumor microenvironment; |
TNF-α | Tumor Necrosis Factor-α; |
TRIAP1 | TP53 regulated inhibitor of apoptosis 1; |
TS-miRs | Tumor suppressor micro RNAs; |
UCA1 | Urothelial cancer-associated 1; |
UTR | Untranslated regions; |
YAP1 | Yes-associated protein-1; |
ZEB1 | Zinc finger E-box binding homeobox; |
SCAI | Suppressor of cancer cell invasion; |
FGFR2 | Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2; |
FOXP4 | Forkhead Box P4; |
TRIAP1 | TP53 Regulated Inhibitor of Apoptosis 1; |
SIRT3 | Sirtuin (silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog) 3; |
IL32/AKT | AKT serine/threonine kinase 1; |
CXCL17 | Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 17 (CCL17); |
CDH1 | Cadherin-1; |
ARID2 | AT-rich interactive domain-containing protein 2; |
CD36 | Cluster of differentiation 36; |
CCNG2 | Cyclin G2; |
CYP3A5 | Cytochrome P450 Family 3 Subfamily A Member 5; |
SMAD7 | Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 7; |
c-Myc | Cellular proto-oncogene; |
ZEB1 | Zinc Finger E-Box Binding Homeobox 1; |
BIN1 | Bridging Integrator-1; |
SFRP1 | Secreted frizzled-related protein 1; |
IL6R | Interleukin 6 receptor; |
HOXA10 | Homeobox protein Hox-A10; |
HDAC9 | Histone Deacetylase 9; |
MTDH | Metadherin; |
CDK4/6 | Cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6; |
COL10A1 | Collagen Type X Alpha 1 Chain; |
TCTP | Translationally-controlled tumor protein; |
YAP1 | Yes-associated protein 1; |
IKKβ | Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta; |
MMP2 | Matrix Metallopeptidase 2; |
MET | Proto-Oncogene, Receptor Tyrosine Kinase |
SOX4 | SRY-Box Transcription Factor 4; |
LIMK1 | LIM Domain Kinase 1; |
TRIM14 | Tripartite motif-containing protein 14; |
GRAP | GRB2 Related Adaptor Protein; |
TIMP3 | Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3; |
COL17 | Collagen Type XVII Alpha 1 Chain; |
SIX1 | Sine oculis homeobox homolog 1; |
VEGF-A | Vascular endothelial growth factor A; |
STAT3 | Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; |
EIF4B | Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 4B; |
RASSF5 | Ras Association Domain Family Member 5; |
CD44 | Cluster of differentiation 44; |
BMI-1 | B lymphoma Mo-MLV insertion region 1 homolog; |
CHD9 | Chromodomain Helicase DNA Binding Protein 9; |
WRN | Werner syndrome RecQ like helicase; |
PPP2R5A | Protein phosphatase 2 regulatory subunit B alpha; |
CXCL12 | C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 12; |
AXIN2 | Axis inhibition protein 2; |
UBE2B | Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 B; |
GFI1 | Growth Factor Independent 1; |
MTMR3 | Myotubularin-related protein 3; |
TRAF6 | TNF Receptor Associated Factor 6; |
SOCS3 | Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3; |
STAT3 | Signal Transducer and activator of transcription 3; |
DDR1 | Discoidin Domain Receptor 1; |
PDCD7 | Programmed Cell Death 7; |
HK2 | Hexokinase 2; |
TMEM182 | Transmembrane Protein 182; |
SEMA6A | Semaphorin 6A; |
RhoA | Ras Homolog A; |
IL24 | Interleukin 24; |
CCL4 | C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 4; |
TIMP2 | Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2; |
TRIM14 | Tripartite Motif Containing Protein 14; |
WNT10B | Wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 10B; |
YES1 | YES Proto-Oncogene 1; |
CD44-ROCK | Rho Assisted Protein Kinase; |
CAMK2N1 | Calcium/Calmodulin Dependent Protein Kinase 2 Inhibitor 1; |
OSM | Oncostatin M; |
RALBP1 | RalA binding protein 1; |
COL1A1 | collagen type 1 alpha 1; |
LATS2 | Large tumor suppressor kinase 2; |
MCL1 | Induced Myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein; |
TCF12 | Transcription Factor 12; |
NLRP3 | NLR Family Pyrin Domain Containing 3; |
AKT3 | AKT Serine/Threonine Kinase 3; |
BCL2L2 | BCL2 Like protein 2; |
IGF-1R | Insulin Like Growth Factor 1 Receptor; |
CXCR4 | C-X-C Chemokine receptor 4; |
HOXB7 | Homeobox B7; |
PTPN11 | Tyrosine-Protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11; |
DKK1 | Dickkopf WNT signaling pathway inhibitor 1; |
LGALS3BP | Galectin 3 Binding Protein; |
YAP1 | Yes Associated Protein 1; |
GIT1 | G protein-coupled receptor kinase-interacting protein 1; |
DENND2D | DENN Domain Containing 2D; |
FBXW7 | F-box/WD repeat-containing protein 7; |
NOX4 | NADPH Oxidase 4; |
PRXL2A | Peroxiredoxin Like 2A; |
SOX2 | SRY-box 2; |
NOTCH1 | Notch homolog 1; |
mTOR | Mechanistic target of rapamycin; |
HOXA9 | Homeobox A9; |
NRP1 | Neuropilin 1; |
ITGβ8 | Integrin β8; |
SMAD2 | Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2; |
PDGF-A | Platelet derived Growth Factor Subunit A; |
AGK | Acylglycerol Kinase; |
SOCS2 | Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 2; |
BARX2 | Homeobox protein BarH-like 2; |
CDC73 | Cell Division Cycle 73; |
ZEB1 | Zinc Finger E-Box Binding Homeobox 1; |
K-ras | Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog; |
NLK | Nemo Like Kinase; |
EZH2 | Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2; |
PLD1 | Phospholipase D1; |
ICAM2 | Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 2; |
MCPH1 | Microcephalin; |
PUMA | p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis; |
SNAI2 | Snail Family Transcriptional Repressor 2 (Slug) |
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miRNA | Target Gene | Mechanism or Functions | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
miR-1 ↓ | SLUG | ↑ Tumorigenicity and invasiveness | [53] |
miR-1-3p | DKK1 | ↓ Transit of SCC-4 cells from G0/G1 to S and ↑ apoptosis | [54] |
miR-9 ↓ | CDK4/6 ↓ | ↑ Cell-cycle arrest at G0/G1 and ↑ apoptosis | [55] |
miR-10a↑ | GLUT1 | ↑ Cell proliferation and glucose metabolism | [56] |
miR-10b ↑ | ↑ Cell migration and invasion | [57] | |
miR-16 ↓ | AKT3 and BCL2L2 | ↓ Tumor | [58] |
miR-17/20a ↓ | ITGβ8 | ↓ Cell migration | [59] |
miR-18a-5p↑ | Smad2 | ↓ E-cadherin, and ↑ Smad7 TGFβ, αSMA, vimentin. | [60] |
miR-21 | TNF-α | Cell proliferation | [61] |
miR-21 ↑ | ↑ Tumor size, metastasis and local invasion | [62] | |
miR-21-3p ↑ | ↑ Metastasis | [63] | |
miR-22 ↓ | NLRP3 | ↓ Cell proliferation, migration | [64] |
miR-23a-3p ↓ | FGF2 ↑ | ↓ Cell proliferation | [65] |
miR-23b ↓ | MET ↑ | ↓ Cell migration, invasion | [66] |
miR-26a | MCL-1 ↓ | ↑ Apoptosis | [67] |
miR-27a-3p | YAP1 | ↓ EMT | [68] |
miR-27b ↓ | MET ↑ | ↓ Cell migration, invasion | [66] |
miR-27b ↓ | TCTP ↓ | Novel plasma biomarker | [69] |
miR-29a↓ | MMP2 ↑ | ↓ Cancer invasion and anti-apoptosis | [70] |
miR-29b | CX3CL1 ↓ | ↑ Cell migration and tumorigenesis | [71] |
miR-29b-3p ↓ | IL32/AKT | ↓ Migration and invasion of OSCC cells | [72] |
miR-29b-1-5p ↑ | CDH1 | ↑ EMT | [73] |
miR-31 ↑ | CXCL12 ↓ | ↑ Progression from pre-cancer to cancer | [74] |
miR-31 ↑ | SIRT3 | ↓ Mitochondrial activity and ↑ oxidative stress | [75] |
miR-31-5p | ACOX1 | ↑ Tumorigenic fitness and ↑cell migration and invasion | [76] |
miR-34a ↓ | IL6R | ↓ Cell proliferation, G1 phase arrest, metastasis and EMT | [77] |
miR-98 ↓ | IGF1R | ↓ Tumor cell growth and metastasis | [78] |
miR-99a ↓ | mTOR | ↑ Growth and survival of OSCC | [79] |
miR-99a ↓ | MTMR3 ↑ | ↑ Anti-metastasis | [80] |
miR-99a-5p↓ | NOX4↑ | ↓ Proliferation, migration, and invasion | [81] |
miR-101↓ | ZEB1 | ↓ Growth, metastasis, and apoptosis resistance | [82] |
miR-101-3p ↓ | COL10A1 ↑ | ↓ Proliferation, invasion, and migration | [83] |
miR-106a↓ | LIMK1 | ↓ Proliferation and EMT | [84] |
miR-107 ↓ | TRIAP1 | ↓ Cell proliferation and migration | [85] |
miR-124 ↓ | CCL2 and IL-8 | ↓ Tumor growth | [86] |
miR-125b ↓ | PRXL2A ↑ | ↓ Oral oncogenicity | [87] |
miR-126 ↓ | VEGF-A | ↑ Angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis | [88] |
miR-133a-3p ↓ | COL1A1 ↑ | ↓ Proliferation, invasion, and mitosis | [89] |
miR-134 ↑ | PDCD7 ↓ | ↓ E-cadherin expression | [90] |
miR-138 ↓ | YAP1 | ↓ Tumor and proliferation | [91,92] |
miR-138-5p ↓ | ΔNp63 ↑ | ↓ Growth, metastasis, and cancer stemness | [93] |
miR-139 | ↑ Apoptosis through AKTsignaling | [94] | |
miR-139-5p ↓ | HOXA9 ↑ | ↓ Tumorigenesis and progression | [95] |
miR-143 ↓ | HK2 | ↓ Growth of OSCC | [96] |
miR-145 ↓ | c-Myc and CDK6 | ↓ Cell proliferation and ↑ G1 phase arrest | [97] |
miR-145-5p ↓ | ↑ Effects of photodynamic therapy and phototoxicity | [98] | |
miR-146a ↓ | SOX2 | ↓ Aggressiveness of OSCC | [99] |
miR-146a-5p ↑ | TRAF6 ↓ | ↑ Proliferation, ↓ TGF-β signaling | [100] |
miR-148b-3p | RALBP1 | ↓ Tumor | [101] |
miR-155 ↑ | ↓ Prognosis | [102] | |
miR-155 ↑ | CDC73 ↓ | ↑ Cell proliferation | [103] |
miR-155-5p | ↓ E-cadherin | [104] | |
miR-155-5p ↑ | ARID2 | ↑ Proliferation, migration, and invasion | [105] |
miR-181a ↓ | K-ras | ↓ Tumor, K-ras protein level, and luciferase activity of vectors | [106] |
miR-182-5p ↑ | CAMK2N1 | ↑ Growth, ↓ activation of AKT, ERK1/2, and NF-κB | [107] |
miR-184 | UCA1 and SF1 | ↓ Cell proliferation | [108] |
miR-186 ↓ | PTPN11 | ↓ Tumor, ↓ signaling of ERK, and AKT | [109] |
miR-186 ↓ | Potential biomarker | [110] | |
miR-188 ↓ | SIX1 | ↓ Proliferation and invasion | [111] |
miR-194 ↓ | AGK | ↓ Cell proliferation and inhibits PI3K/AKT/FoxO3a signaling pathway | [112] |
miR-195-3p | CCL4 | ↓ VEGF-C expression and lymphangiogenesis | [113] |
miR-195-5p ↓ | TRIM14 | ↓ Proliferation, migration, and invasion | [114] |
miR-196b ↑ | ↑ Migration and Invasion | [115] | |
miR-199a-5p ↓ | SOX4 | ↓ Migration and invasion of cells via targeting SOX4 | [116] |
miR-199a-5p ↓ | IKKβ | ↓ Tumor via IKKβ/NF-κB signaling pathway, ↑ G0/G1 cell cycle arrest | [117] |
miR-200c ↓ | HOC313 | ↓ Tumor metastasis | [118] |
miR-200c-3p | CHD9 and WRN | ↑ Invasion of OSCC | [119] |
miR-203 ↓ | YES-1 ↑ | ↓ Oncogenic activity and ↑ apoptosis | [120] |
miR-203 ↓ | BMI-1 | ↑ Apoptosis | [121] |
miR-203 | SEMA6A | ↑ Apoptosis | [122] |
miR-204-5p ↓ | CXCR4 ↑ | ↓ Proliferation and metastasis of OSCC cells | [123] |
miR-205 ↓ | AXIN2 ↑ | ↓ Oral carcinoma oncogenic activity | [124] |
miR-205 ↓ | IL-24 | ↑ Apoptosis | [125] |
miR-205-5p ↓ | TIMP2 | ↓ Invasiveness, regulates TIMP2 gene and activates proMMP2 | [126] |
miR-211 ↑ | BIN1 | ↑ Proliferation, migration, and invasion, can inhibit the EGFR/MAPK pathway | [127] |
miR-214 ↑ | RASSF5 ↓ | ↓ FOXO3a phosphorylation, BIM expression, caspase 3, and apoptosis | [128] |
miR-216a | EIF4B | ↓ Proliferation, migration, and invasion | [129] |
miR-218 ↑ | PPP2R5A | ↑ Cisplatin resistance via the PPP2R5A/Wnt signaling pathway | [130] |
miR-218-5p ↓ | CD44-ROCK | ↑ Invasion by targeting the CD44-ROCK pathway | [131] |
miR-221 ↓ | TIMP3 ↑ | ↑ Sensitivity of OSCC to Adriamycin | [132] |
miR-223 ↑ | Novel diagnostic biomarker | [133] | |
miR-223 ↑ | FBXW7 ↓ | ↑ Proliferation | [134] |
miR-299-3p↓ | FOXP4 | ↓ Proliferation and migration, ↑ apoptosis | [135] |
miR-320 ↓ | NRP1 | ↓ Migration, adhesion, and tube formation of vascular endothelial cells | [136] |
miR-338 ↓ | NRP1 | ↓ Growth and metastasis | [137] |
miR-340 ↓ | GLUT1 ↑ | ↑ Lactate secretion, glucose uptake rate, and proliferation of OSCC | [138] |
miR-372 ↑ | LATS2 | ↓ LATS2 expression | [139] |
miR-373 ↑ | LATS2 | ↓ Survival rate | [139] |
miR-375 ↓ | PDGFA | ↓ Cell Migration and invasion by targeting platelet-derived growth factor A | [140] |
miR-375 ↓ | IGF-1R | ↓ Growth and enhances radiosensitivity, ↑ cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase | [141] |
miR-377 ↓ | HDAC9 | ↓ Growth, migration, and apoptosis | [142] |
miR-381-3p | FGFR2 ↓ | ↓ Proliferation and cell cycle progression | [143] |
miR-382-5p | ↑ Migration and invasion | [144] | |
miR-424-5p ↑ | SOCS2 ↓ | ↑ Oncogenic activity by ↓ SOCS2 | [145] |
miR-429 ↓ | ZEB1 | ↓ Growth of OSCC | [146] |
miR-450a ↑ | TMEM182 | ↑ Motility, ↓ cell adhesion ability, and ↑ invasiveness | [147] |
miR-455-5p ↑ | UBE2B ↓ | ↑ Proliferation and tumorigenesis | [148] |
miR-483-5p | Novel diagnostic biomarker | [149] | |
miR-486-3p ↓ | DDR1 ↑ | ↓ Tumor | [150] |
miR-491-5p ↓ | GIT1 ↑ | ↓ Migration, invasion, and lung metastasis | [151] |
miR-494 ↑ | Potential biomarker | [110] | |
miR-494-3p | Bmi1 ↓ | ↑ Cellular senescence and ↑ radiosensitivity | [152] |
miR-495 ↓ | Notch1 | ↓ Cell proliferation and invasion | [153] |
miR-497 | SMAD7 | ↑ Metastasis | [154] |
miR-543 ↑ | CYP3A5 | ↑ Proliferation, invasion, and migration, ↓ apoptosis | [155] |
miR-545 ↓ | RIG-I | ↓ Tumor | [156] |
miR-596 | LGALS3BP | ↓ Tumor | [157] |
miR-650 ↑ | GFI1 | ↑ Proliferation, migration, and invasion | [158] |
miR-654-5p ↑ | GRAP ↓ | ↑ Metastasis and chemoresistance, activates Ras/MAPK signaling and EMT | [159] |
miR-655-3p ↓ | MTDH | ↓ Cell proliferation and invasion by inhibiting PTEN/AKT signaling | [160] |
miR-1246 ↑ | CCNG2 | ↑ Cancer stemness and chemoresistance | [161] |
miR-1246 | DENND2D | ↑ Cell motility | [162] |
miR-1246 ↑ | ↓ Prognosis of OSCC | [163] | |
miR-1254 ↓ | CD36 | ↓ Tumor | [164] |
miR-3651 ↑ | Potential biomarker | [110] | |
miR-4513 ↑ | CXCL17 | ↑ Cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, promotes apoptosis | [165] |
miR-5100 ↑ | SCAI ↓ | ↑ Proliferation, migration, and invasion | [166] |
miRNA | Source | Expression in OSCC | References |
---|---|---|---|
Let-7b | Serum | High | [221] |
Let-7d | Serum | Low | [221] |
miR-7 | Serum | High | [221] |
miR-9 | Serum | Low | [222,223] |
miR-16 | Serum | High | [221] |
miR-16 | Tissue | High | [216] |
miR-20a | Tissue | High | [216] |
miR-21 | Blood | High | [224] |
miR-21-3p | Tissue | High | [225] |
miR-24 | Blood | High | [226] |
miR-24-3p | Saliva/ECVs | High | [227] |
miR-25 | Serum | High | [221] |
miR-26a | Plasma | High | [228] |
miR-27b | Saliva | High | [229] |
miR-29a | Serum | Low | [221] |
miR-29a | Blood | Low | [226] |
miR-30a-5p | Plasma | High | [230] |
miR-31 | Saliva | High | [231] |
miR-31-5p | Serum | High | [232] |
miR-96-5p | Tissue | High | [225] |
miR-99b | Plasma | High | [233] |
miR-125b | Tissue | Low | [216] |
miR-125b | Tissue | Low | [203] |
miR-130-3p | Tissue | High | [225] |
miR-141-3p | Tissue | High | [225] |
miR-142 | Serum | Low | [221] |
miR-142-3p | Tissue | High | [216] |
miR-144-5p | Plasma | High | [230] |
miR-146a | Tissue | High | [234] |
miR-150-5p | Plasma | Low | [221] |
miR-155 | Blood | High | [235] |
miR-155 | Tissue | High | [102] |
miR-181 | Tissue | High | [236] |
miR-184 | Tissue | High | [213] |
miR-184 | Serum | High | [237] |
miR-187-5p | Plasma | High | [238] |
miR-191 | Blood | High | [235] |
miR-192-5p | Plasma | Low | [233] |
miR-194-5p | Plasma | High | [233] |
miR-195 | Serum | High | [221] |
miR-196a | Plasma | High | [239] |
miR-196b | Plasma | High | [239] |
miR-196a/b | Tissue | High | [240] |
miR-200b-3p | Plasma | High | [241] |
miR-205 | Tissue | Low | [217] |
miR-211 | Tissue | Low | [242] |
miR-212-3p | Plasma | High | [233] |
miR-214-3p | Plasma | High | [233] |
miR-223 | Tissue | Low | [133] |
miR-335-5p | Plasma | High | [233] |
miR-338 | Serum | Low | [221] |
miR-370-3p | Plasma | High | [230] |
miR-375 | Tissue | Low | [216] |
miR-375 | Plasma | Low | [228] |
miR-412-3p | Saliva/ECVs | High | [243] |
miR-483-5p | Serum | High | [149] |
miR-486-5p | Plasma | Low | [228] |
miR-491-5p | Tissue | Low | [151] |
miR-494 | Blood | High | [235] |
miR-512-3p | Saliva/ECVs | High | [243] |
miR-601 | Plasma | Low | [233] |
miR-603 | Plasma | High | [233] |
miR-624 | Serum | High | [221] |
miR-660-5p | Plasma | High | [233] |
miR-769-5p | Plasma | High | [230] |
miR-1303 | Plasma | High | [233] |
miR-3651 | Blood | High | [110] |
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Rishabh, K.; Khadilkar, S.; Kumar, A.; Kalra, I.; Kumar, A.P.; Kunnumakkara, A.B. MicroRNAs as Modulators of Oral Tumorigenesis—A Focused Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 2561. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22052561
Rishabh K, Khadilkar S, Kumar A, Kalra I, Kumar AP, Kunnumakkara AB. MicroRNAs as Modulators of Oral Tumorigenesis—A Focused Review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(5):2561. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22052561
Chicago/Turabian StyleRishabh, Kumar, Soham Khadilkar, Aviral Kumar, Ishu Kalra, Alan Prem Kumar, and Ajaikumar B. Kunnumakkara. 2021. "MicroRNAs as Modulators of Oral Tumorigenesis—A Focused Review" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 5: 2561. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22052561