Indole-3-Acetic Acid Is Synthesized by the Endophyte Cyanodermella asteris via a Tryptophan-Dependent and -Independent Way and Mediates the Interaction with a Non-Host Plant
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. The Endophyte C. asteris Induces a Root Phenotype on the Non-Host Plant A. thaliana that Is Reminiscent of High Auxin
2.2. The Fungal Genome of C. asteris Reveals Several Putative Genes Involved in IAA Biosynthesis
2.3. C. asteris Secretes the Synthesized IAA into the Liquid Medium
2.4. IAA Biosynthesis in C. asteris
2.5. The IAA Biosynthesis Inhibitor MBI Reveals a Trp-Independent Biosynthesis Pathway in C. asteris
2.6. Auxin Synthesis by C. asteris and Uptake into the Host Plant Are Important for the Root Phenotype
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Plant and Fungal Material
4.2. Co-Cultivation of A. thaliana with C. asteris
4.3. GUS Staining of A. thaliana DR5::GUS
4.4. Incubation of C. asteris with IAA Precursors and/or Biosynthesis Inhibitors
4.5. Extraction and Detection of IAA
4.6. Data Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Reaction | Enzyme | Candidate Genes (Gene ID) |
---|---|---|
Trp → TAM | Trp decarboxylase | 1234 |
TAM → IAOx | flavin monooxygenase enzyme * | 17, 2090, 4995, 5792, 7832 2451, 3001, 6023, 9811 |
TAM → IAD | monoamine oxidase | 3466, 3467, 8359 |
IAD → IAA | IAD dehydrogenase | 10233, 6228, 7132, 8151, 9123 |
Trp → IAOx | cytochrome P450 | 17, 2090, 4995, 5792, 7832 |
IAOx → IAN | IAOx dehydratase/hydrolase | - |
IAN → IAA | nitrilase | 1223, 5809 |
IAN → IAM | nitrile hydratase | - |
Trp → IAM | Trp monooxygenase | - |
IAM → IAA | IAM hydrolase | 1862, 6419 |
Trp → IPyA | Trp aminotransferase | - |
IPyA → IAD | IPyA decarboxylase | - |
indole → IAA | - | 2451, 3001, 6023, 9811 |
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Jahn, L.; Hofmann, U.; Ludwig-Müller, J. Indole-3-Acetic Acid Is Synthesized by the Endophyte Cyanodermella asteris via a Tryptophan-Dependent and -Independent Way and Mediates the Interaction with a Non-Host Plant. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 2651. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22052651
Jahn L, Hofmann U, Ludwig-Müller J. Indole-3-Acetic Acid Is Synthesized by the Endophyte Cyanodermella asteris via a Tryptophan-Dependent and -Independent Way and Mediates the Interaction with a Non-Host Plant. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(5):2651. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22052651
Chicago/Turabian StyleJahn, Linda, Uta Hofmann, and Jutta Ludwig-Müller. 2021. "Indole-3-Acetic Acid Is Synthesized by the Endophyte Cyanodermella asteris via a Tryptophan-Dependent and -Independent Way and Mediates the Interaction with a Non-Host Plant" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 5: 2651. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22052651