Mode of Action of 1-Naphthylphthalamic Acid in Conspicuous Local Stem Swelling of Succulent Plant, Bryophyllum calycinum: Relevance to the Aspects of Its Histological Observation and Comprehensive Analyses of Plant Hormones
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Effect of NPA on Conspicuous Local Stem Swelling in Succulent Plants
2.2. Histological Analyses of Conspicuous Local Stem Swelling in Succulent Plants
2.3. Endogenous Levels of Plant Hormones in Relation to NPA-Induced Conspicuous Local Stem Swelling in Succulent Plants
2.4. Effect of NPA on Polar Auxin Transport in Bryophyllum Calycinum Stem Segments
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Plant Materials and the Application of NPA and TIBA
4.2. Histological Analyses of Conspicuous Local Stem Swelling in Succulent Plants
4.3. Comprehensive Analyses of Endogenous Plant Hormones in Succulent Plants
4.4. Determination of Polar Auxin Transport in Bryophyllum Calycinum Stem Segments
4.5. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Plant Hormone, ng/gDW | Control (Lanolin) | NPA Treatment | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Above | Treated Area | Below | Above | Treated Area | Below | |
Abscisic acid | 163.3 ± 2.9 b | 204.9 ± 6.2 b | 211.0 ± 4.8 b,c | 209.6 ± 3.7 a | 260.1 ± 17.0 a | 239.7 ± 5.7 c |
Salicylic acid | 1509 ± 157 b,c | 1520 ± 134 a,b,c | 2254 ± 288 a | 2332 ± 70 b,c | 4631 ± 787 c | 1667 ± 106 a,b |
cis-Zeatin | 5.5 ± 0.17 a | 7.1 ± 0.16 c | 6.2 ± 0.07 b | 6.8 ± 0.22 b,c | 8.7 ± 0.27 d | 7.1 ± 0.07 c |
cis-Zeatin riboside | 0.1 ± 0.06 a | 0.2 ± 0.16 a | 0.0 ± 0.01 a | 0.5 ± 0.16 a | 1.2 ± 0.0.37 b | 0.5 ± 0.12 a |
Gibberellin A1 | 13.8 ± 0.8 c | 18.1 ± 1.4 b | 23.5 ± 1.1 c | 14.6 ± 1.2 a | 20.9 ± 0.9 a | 21.7 ± 1.3 c |
Gibberellin A4 | 5.0 ± 1.0 a | 6.7 ± 0.9 a | 6.3 ± 1.8 a | 9.4 ±1.8 a | 9.7 ± 2.7 b | 8.4 ± 2.7 a |
Gibberellin A19 | 35.5 ± 1.9 b | 44.7 ± 0.7 a | 48.9 ± 0.8 a | 53.5 ± 0.3 b | 47.4 ± 2.9 b | 52.5 ± 2.7 b |
Gibberellin A44 | 3.0 ± 0.1 b | 4.1 ± 0.1 b | 5.1 ± 0.2 a | 2.5 ± 0.2 b | 4.8 ± 0.5 b | 3.8 ± 0.4 b |
Gibberellin A15 | 1.4 ± 0.1 b | 9.2 ± 0.2 a | 1.1 ± 0.1 b | 1.6 ± 0.1 b | 1.2 ± 0.5 a | 2.5 ± 0.2 a |
Gibberellin A53 | 21.5 ± 2.1 b | 54.2 ± 4.7 c | 106.7 ± 2.6 c | 55.6 ± 2.6 a | 63.3 ± 14.3 d | 129.8 ± 9.7 b,c |
Gibberellin A9 | 35.3 ± 2.7 a,b | 43.7 ± 0.9 b,c | 41.0 ± 5.7 a | 39.4 ± 1.6 d | 40.3 ± 3.2 c | 49.2 ± 1.6 b,c |
Gibberellin A8 | 50.7 ± 11.7 a,b | 64.9 ± 29.6 b,c | 72.9 ± 8.2 a | 72.1 ± 9.9 c | 79.2 ± 16.8 c | 76.0 ± 18.8 a |
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Marasek-Ciolakowska, A.; Dziurka, M.; Kowalska, U.; Góraj-Koniarska, J.; Saniewski, M.; Ueda, J.; Miyamoto, K. Mode of Action of 1-Naphthylphthalamic Acid in Conspicuous Local Stem Swelling of Succulent Plant, Bryophyllum calycinum: Relevance to the Aspects of Its Histological Observation and Comprehensive Analyses of Plant Hormones. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 3118. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22063118
Marasek-Ciolakowska A, Dziurka M, Kowalska U, Góraj-Koniarska J, Saniewski M, Ueda J, Miyamoto K. Mode of Action of 1-Naphthylphthalamic Acid in Conspicuous Local Stem Swelling of Succulent Plant, Bryophyllum calycinum: Relevance to the Aspects of Its Histological Observation and Comprehensive Analyses of Plant Hormones. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(6):3118. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22063118
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarasek-Ciolakowska, Agnieszka, Michał Dziurka, Urszula Kowalska, Justyna Góraj-Koniarska, Marian Saniewski, Junichi Ueda, and Kensuke Miyamoto. 2021. "Mode of Action of 1-Naphthylphthalamic Acid in Conspicuous Local Stem Swelling of Succulent Plant, Bryophyllum calycinum: Relevance to the Aspects of Its Histological Observation and Comprehensive Analyses of Plant Hormones" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 6: 3118. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22063118