Ex Vivo and In Vivo Analyses of Novel 3D-Printed Bone Substitute Scaffolds Incorporating Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Granules for Bone Regeneration
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Ex Vivo Analysis
2.2. Subcutaneous In Vivo Study
2.3. Calvarial In Vivo Study
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Materials, Material Preparation and 3D-Printing
4.2. Ex-Vivo Analyses
4.2.1. Mechanical Properties
4.2.2. Computational Analysis
F = 0.01599 MPa × 0.919 mm2 = 0.1469 N
4.3. In Vivo Studies
4.3.1. Implantation Procedures
4.3.2. Histological Workup and Staining Methods
4.3.3. Histopathological and Histomorphometrical Analysis Methods
4.4. Statistical Analysis
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mean Maximum Values | PCL (Solid) | PCL+BCP (Solid) | PCL (Porous) | PCL+BCP (Porous) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Force | 1066 ± 88 N | 1077 ± 35 N | 261 ± 58 N | 208 ± 25 N |
Displacement | 2.4 mm | 2.4 mm | 2.6 mm | 2.6 mm |
Mechanical Properties | PCL (Solid) | PCL+BCP (Solid) | PCL (Porous) | PCL+BCP (Porous) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Yield Strength | 10.6600 MPa | 10.7667 MPa | 2.61 MPa | 2.08 MPa |
Young’s modulus | 44.4167 MPa | 44.8611 MPa | 10.0385 MPa | 8.00 MPa |
Mathematical Equation | Ss = 0.4994 × Sn − 1.846 | Ss = 0.4928 × Sn − 1.747 | Ss = 0.1132 × Sn − 0.2551 | Ss = 0.08961 × Sn − 0.1189 |
R2 | 0.9511 | 0.9565 | 0.9818 | 0.9878 |
Displacements | PCL (Solid) | PCL+BCP (Solid) | PCL (Porous) | PCL+BCP (Porous) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mechanical Essay (Real) | 2.4 mm | 2.4 mm | 2.6 mm | 2.6 mm |
Computational Analysis (FEA) | 2.409 mm | 2.398 mm | 2.418 mm | 1.899 mm |
Relative error | 0.37% | 0.08% | 7.00% | 26.96% |
10 Days | 30 Days | 90 Days | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bone | Material | CT | Bone | Material | CT | Bone | Material | CT | |
PCL+BCP | 0.64 ± 0.76 | 62.40 ± 19.67 | 36.96 ± 19.18 | 13.84 ± 13.29 | 54.98 ± 30.81 | 41.91 ± 19.92 | 33.90 ± 8.73 | 58.96 ± 15.46 | 7.14 ± 16.39 |
PCL | 12.45 ± 7.29 | 40.34 ± 14.87 | 47.22 ± 15.42 | 24.26 ± 20.57 | 44.28 ± 13.92 | 31.46 ± 15.22 | 31.61 ± 19.45 | 47.31 ± 19.03 | 21.08 ± 9.52 |
BCP | 14.34 ± 9.13 | 17.95 ± 7.58 | 67.71 ± 4.81 | 24.64 ± 16.48 | 12.85 ± 5.61 | 65.59 ± 17.60 | 51.09 ± 21.45 | 11.84 ± 8.17 | 37.07 ± 18.19 |
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Oberdiek, F.; Vargas, C.I.; Rider, P.; Batinic, M.; Görke, O.; Radenković, M.; Najman, S.; Baena, J.M.; Jung, O.; Barbeck, M. Ex Vivo and In Vivo Analyses of Novel 3D-Printed Bone Substitute Scaffolds Incorporating Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Granules for Bone Regeneration. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 3588. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22073588
Oberdiek F, Vargas CI, Rider P, Batinic M, Görke O, Radenković M, Najman S, Baena JM, Jung O, Barbeck M. Ex Vivo and In Vivo Analyses of Novel 3D-Printed Bone Substitute Scaffolds Incorporating Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Granules for Bone Regeneration. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(7):3588. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22073588
Chicago/Turabian StyleOberdiek, Franciska, Carlos Ivan Vargas, Patrick Rider, Milijana Batinic, Oliver Görke, Milena Radenković, Stevo Najman, Jose Manuel Baena, Ole Jung, and Mike Barbeck. 2021. "Ex Vivo and In Vivo Analyses of Novel 3D-Printed Bone Substitute Scaffolds Incorporating Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Granules for Bone Regeneration" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 7: 3588. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22073588