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Article

Green Synthesis of Silymarin–Chitosan Nanoparticles as a New Nano Formulation with Enhanced Anti-Fibrotic Effects against Liver Fibrosis

by
Abdullah Saad Abdullah
1,2,
Ibrahim El Tantawy El Sayed
1,*,
Abdel Moneim A. El-Torgoman
1,
Abul Kalam
3,4,
S. Wageh
5,6 and
Maher A. Kamel
7,*
1
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El Koom 13829, Egypt
2
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Education, Thamar University, Thamar 63022, Yemen
3
Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
4
Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
5
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
6
Physics and Engineering Mathematics Department, Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Menoufia University, Menoufia 32952, Egypt
7
Department of Biochemistry, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21516, Egypt
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(10), 5420; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23105420
Submission received: 20 April 2022 / Revised: 3 May 2022 / Accepted: 8 May 2022 / Published: 12 May 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoparticles: From Synthesis to Applications)
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Abstract

Background: Silymarin (SIL) has long been utilized to treat a variety of liver illnesses, but due to its poor water solubility and low membrane permeability, it has a low oral bioavailability, limiting its therapeutic potential. Aim: Design and evaluate hepatic-targeted delivery of safe biocompatible formulated SIL-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (SCNPs) to enhance SIL’s anti-fibrotic effectiveness in rats with CCl4-induced liver fibrosis. Methods: The SCNPs and chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) were prepared by ionotropic gelation technique and are characterized by physicochemical parameters such as particle size, morphology, zeta potential, and in vitro release studies. The therapeutic efficacy of successfully formulated SCNPs and CNPs were subjected to in vivo evaluation studies. Rats were daily administered SIL, SCNPs, and CNPs orally for 30 days. Results: The in vivo study revealed that the synthesized SCNPs demonstrated a significant antifibrotic therapeutic action against CCl4-induced hepatic injury in rats when compared to treated groups of SIL and CNPs. SCNP-treated rats had a healthy body weight, with normal values for liver weight and liver index, as well as significant improvements in liver functions, inflammatory indicators, antioxidant pathway activation, and lipid peroxidation reduction. The antifibrotic activities of SCNPs were mediated by suppressing the expression of the main fibrosis mediators TGFβR1, COL3A1, and TGFβR2 by boosting the hepatic expression of protective miRNAs; miR-22, miR-29c, and miR-219a, respectively. The anti-fibrotic effects of SCNPs were supported by histopathology and immunohistochemistry (IHC) study. Conclusions: According to the above results, SCNPs might be the best suitable carrier to target liver cells in the treatment of liver fibrosis.
Keywords: liver fibrosis; silymarin; chitosan nanoparticles; epigenetics; microRNAs; oxidative stress liver fibrosis; silymarin; chitosan nanoparticles; epigenetics; microRNAs; oxidative stress

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MDPI and ACS Style

Abdullah, A.S.; Sayed, I.E.T.E.; El-Torgoman, A.M.A.; Kalam, A.; Wageh, S.; Kamel, M.A. Green Synthesis of Silymarin–Chitosan Nanoparticles as a New Nano Formulation with Enhanced Anti-Fibrotic Effects against Liver Fibrosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 5420. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23105420

AMA Style

Abdullah AS, Sayed IETE, El-Torgoman AMA, Kalam A, Wageh S, Kamel MA. Green Synthesis of Silymarin–Chitosan Nanoparticles as a New Nano Formulation with Enhanced Anti-Fibrotic Effects against Liver Fibrosis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(10):5420. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23105420

Chicago/Turabian Style

Abdullah, Abdullah Saad, Ibrahim El Tantawy El Sayed, Abdel Moneim A. El-Torgoman, Abul Kalam, S. Wageh, and Maher A. Kamel. 2022. "Green Synthesis of Silymarin–Chitosan Nanoparticles as a New Nano Formulation with Enhanced Anti-Fibrotic Effects against Liver Fibrosis" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 10: 5420. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23105420

APA Style

Abdullah, A. S., Sayed, I. E. T. E., El-Torgoman, A. M. A., Kalam, A., Wageh, S., & Kamel, M. A. (2022). Green Synthesis of Silymarin–Chitosan Nanoparticles as a New Nano Formulation with Enhanced Anti-Fibrotic Effects against Liver Fibrosis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(10), 5420. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23105420

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