Tunneling Nanotube-Mediated Communication: A Mechanism of Intercellular Nucleic Acid Transfer
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Morphology and Structure of TNTs
2.1. Mechanisms of TNT Biogenesis and Formation
2.2. Distinguishing TNTs from Other Types of Cell Protrusions
Type of Cell Protrusion | Mechanism of Cargo Transfer | Identity of Cargo | Functional Effects | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Spines | N/A | N/A | Induce signal transduction in neuronal cells; establish synaptic plasticity | [43] |
Cytonemes | Endocytosis of the receptor–ligand complex by the recipient cell | Ions and signaling ligands | Signal transduction | [44,45,50,51] |
Intercellular bridges | Direct transfer by establishing cytoplasmic continuity | Nutrients and organelles | Nutrient and organelle exchange; cell synchronization. | [46] |
TNTs | Direct transfer by establishing cytoplasmic continuity | Organelles, nucleic acids, viruses, proteins, lipids, and pathogenic molecules | Bidirectional transfer of biological cargo | [52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60] |
2.3. Modulation of TNT Formation
3. Role of TNTs in Transferring Nucleic Acids
3.1. DNA
3.2. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
3.3. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
3.4. Non-Coding RNA
3.5. Viral RNA
4. Translational Implications
4.1. Cancers
4.2. Immune System
4.3. Neurological Diseases
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Donor Cells | Recipient Cells | Type of Nucleic Acid Cargo | Functional Effects | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Laryngeal squamous-cell carcinoma (LSCC) cells | LSCC cells | DNA/siRNA | Bidirectional transfer of DNA and siRNA | [54] |
Healthy PC12 pheochromocytoma-derived rat cells | Ultraviolet (UV)-irradiated PC12 cells | mtDNA/mitochondria | Unidirectional transfer of mitochondria to UV-irradiated PC12 cells | [71] |
WJ-MSC | Patient-derived fibroblasts | mtDNA | Unidirectional transfer of WT mtDNA to patient-derived fibroblasts | [78] |
MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells | Human endothelial cells (EC) | miR-132 | Unidirectional transfer of pro-angiogenic miRNA to EC | [74] |
K7M2 osteosarcoma cells | MC3T3 murine osteoblast stromal cells | miR-19a | Unidirectional transfer of oncogenic miRNA to stromal cells | [79] |
T24 high-grade human urinary bladder cancer cells | RT4 low-grade human urinary bladder cancer | miR-155 | Promoted bladder cancer cell reprogramming via activation of the DEPTOR-mTOR pathway | [80] |
Primary murine smooth muscle cells | Primary murine endothelial cells | miR-143/145 Cluster | Suppressed the angiogenetic activity of EC | [56] |
Murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) | Transgenic MBS-MEF | mRNA | Unidirectional transfer of mRNA to WT MEF | [52] |
Keratinocytes (KC) | Langerhans cells (LC) | mRNA | Unidirectional transfer of mRNA from KC to LC | [73] |
PR8-influenza-virus-transfected A549 human alveolar lung epithelial cells | Uninfected A549 cells | Viral RNA | Spread of viral RNA to uninfected A549 cells | [81] |
PRRV-infected MARC-145 monkey kidney cells | MARC-145 cells | Viral RNA | Spread of viral RNA to uninfected MARC-145 cells | [55] |
HMPV-infected BEAS-2b human lung epithelial cells | HMPV-infected BEAS-2B human lung epithelial cells | Viral RNA | Spread of viral RNA to near BEAS-2B cells. | [82] |
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Driscoll, J.; Gondaliya, P.; Patel, T. Tunneling Nanotube-Mediated Communication: A Mechanism of Intercellular Nucleic Acid Transfer. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 5487. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23105487
Driscoll J, Gondaliya P, Patel T. Tunneling Nanotube-Mediated Communication: A Mechanism of Intercellular Nucleic Acid Transfer. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(10):5487. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23105487
Chicago/Turabian StyleDriscoll, Julia, Piyush Gondaliya, and Tushar Patel. 2022. "Tunneling Nanotube-Mediated Communication: A Mechanism of Intercellular Nucleic Acid Transfer" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 10: 5487. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23105487