Theragnostic Efficacy of K18 Response in Alcohol Use Disorder with Clinically Significant Fibrosis Using Gut-Liver Axis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Demographics, Nutrition and Drinking Profile
2.2. Liver Injury and Liver Cell Death Markers
2.3. Gut dysfunction and Proinflammatory Response
2.4. Improvement in Immune and Liver Cell Death Status after Treatment in AUD Patients with Fibrosis
2.5. Prognostic Assessment of Immune Response and Liver Cell Death after Treatment
2.6. Baseline Differences in AUD Patients with Fibrosis by Their Post-SOC Improvement in K18M65 Levels
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Human Subjects
4.2. Demographic, Alcohol Intake and Laboratory Evaluations
4.3. Laboratory Analyses
4.4. Statistics
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Measures | Group 1 (Normal FIB-4, Gr.1) | Group 2 (Elevated FIB-4, Gr. 2) | Between Group p-Value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Males (n = 15; 71.4%) | Females (n = 6; 28.6%) | Total (n = 21; 43.8%) | Males (n = 19; 70.4%) | Females (n = 8; 29.6%) | Total (n = 27; 56.3%) | ||
Age d (years) | 37.6 ± 10.3 | 39.6 ± 11.1 | 38.2 ± 10.3 | 47.8 ± 7.0 | 45.5 ± 12.6 | 47.1 ± 8.8 | 0.002 |
BMI abc (kg/m2) | 28.5 ± 5.1 | 30.1 ± 11.1 | 29.0 ± 7.1 | 24.9 ± 3.0 | 25.6 ± 3.8 | 25.1 ± 3.2 | 0.024 |
Drinking History | |||||||
TD90 | 1249 ± 5 | 855 ± 662 | 1136 ± 648 | 1094 ± 482 | 1027 ± 611 | 1076 ± 508 | ns |
HDD90 | 68.9 ± 20.7 | 50.7 ± 17.2 | 63.7 ± 21.1 | 74.7 ± 21.2 | 78.9 ± 16.9 | 75.8 ± 19.9 | 0.048 |
AvgDPD90 | 16.5 ± 6.0 | 15.7 ± 8.5 | 16.2 ± 6.6 | 14.7 ± 5.6 | 12.3 ± 6.4 | 14.0 ± 5.8 | ns |
NDD90 | 73.2 ± 17.2 | 52.0 ± 17.2 | 67.1 ± 19.4 | 76.5 ± 20.4 | 80.6 ± 14.1 | 77.6 ± 18.7 | ns |
LTDH b | 12.1 ± 5.6 | 7.5 ± 2.6 | 10.6 ± 5.2 | 21.6 ± 10.1 | 12.8 ± 8.2 | 19.0 ± 10.3 | 0.002 |
Liver Injury Markers | |||||||
ALT abcd (IU/L) | 51.3 ± 24.0 | 18.2 ± 5.3 | 41.8 ± 25.4 | 99.3 ± 37.9 | 110 ± 102 | 102 ± 62 | p < 0.001 |
AST abd (IU/L) | 38.2 ± 18.4 | 25.2 ± 12.2 | 34.5 ± 17.6 | 140 ± 82 | 180 ± 133 | 152 ± 99 | p < 0.001 |
AST: ALT a | 0.80 ± 0.28 | 1.36 ± 0.35 | 0.96 ± 0.39 | 1.43 ± 0.57 | 1.87 ± 0.87 | 1.56 ± 0.68 | p < 0.001 |
Nutritional Status | |||||||
CONUTad | 0.60 ± 0.63 | 0.83 ± 1.17 | 0.67 ± 0.80 | 1.42 ± 1.47 | 0.75 ± 0.71 | 1.22 ± 1.31 | ns |
Blood Cell Measures | |||||||
WBC a (K/uL) | 7.57 ± 2.91 | 7.99 ± 2.77 | 7.69 ± 2.81 | 4.95 ± 1.57 | 7.01 ± 1.89 | 5.56 ± 1.89 | 0.004 |
AMC (K/uL) | 0.65 ± 0.28 | 0.51 ± 0.13 | 0.61 ± 0.25 | 0.45 ± 0.23 | 0.49 ± 0.08 | 0.46 ± 0.19 | 0.026 |
ANC a (K/uL) | 4.38 ±2.40 | 4.71 ± 1.90 | 4.48 ± 2.22 | 2.95 ± 1.23 | 4.36 ± 1.92 | 3.37 ± 1.57 | 0.049 |
Candidate Cytokine Response | |||||||
IL1β (pg/mL) | 0.52 ± 0.29 | 0.52 ± 0.46 | 0.52 ± 0.33 | 0.52 ± 0.30 | 0.50 ± 0.60 | 0.51 ± 0.40 | 0.002 |
IL6 (pg/mL) | 3.03 ± 2.17 | 1.40 ± 0.72 | 2.60 ± 2.01 | 3.18 ± 2.82 | 6.61 ± 4.46 | 4.28 ± 3.71 | ns |
TNFα ad (pg/mL) | 1.81 ± 0.87 | 1.35 ± 0.88 | 1.69 ± 0.87 | 1.90 ± 0.51 | 2.39 ± 1.46 | 2.06 ± 0.92 | 0.025 |
IL8 acd (pg/mL) | 2.92 ± 1.27 | 16.68 ± 31.26 | 6.54 ± 16.03 | 5.55 ± 3.52 | 13.40 ± 19.08 | 8.06 ± 11.33 | ns |
Candidate Gut-dysfunction Markers | |||||||
LPS a (EU/mL) | 0.082 ± 0.045 | 0.076 ± 0.054 | 0.080 ± 0.047 | 0.114 ± 0.065 | 0.112 ± 0.062 | 0.114 ± 0.063 | 0.050 |
LBP c (ng/mL) | 926.5 ± 1347 | 2439 ± 4030 | 1304 ± 2282 | 2263 ± 2792 | 2355 ± 3911 | 2289 ± 3057 | ns |
CD14 (×106 pg/mL) | 8604 ± 1590 | 9748 ± 1757 | 8931 ± 1680 | 9198 ± 2010 | 10526 ± 1141 | 9592 ± 1879 | ns |
Liver Cell Death Markers | |||||||
K18M65 ab (IU/L) | 238.6 ± 119.2 | 151.6 ± 66.5 | 213.7 ± 112.6 | 1115 ± 1018 | 1040 ± 956 | 1093 ± 982 | p < 0.001 |
K18M30 (IU/L) | 202.2 ± 70.7 | 568.5 ± 923.0 | 306.8 ± 495.2 | 407.7 ± 377.8 | 515.2 ± 335.7 | 439.5 ± 362.8 | ns |
M65:M30 a | 1.28 ± 0.66 | 0.68 ± 0.52 | 1.11 ± 0.67 | 2.73 ± 1.55 | 1.90 ± 0.79 | 2.48 ± 1.41 | p < 0.001 |
Measures | Group 2c (1.45 ≤ FIB-4 ≤ 3.25), Gr. 2c) | Group 2d (FIB-4 > 3.25, Gr. 2d) | Between Group p-Value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Males (n = 10; 71.4%) | Females (n = 4; 28.6%) | Total (n = 14; 51.9%) | Males (n = 9; 69.2%) | Females (n = 4; 30.7%) | Total (n = 13; 48.1%) | ||
Age c (years) | 44.84 ± 5.27 | 41.87 ± 15.06 | 43.99 ± 8.57 | 51.05 ± 7.42 | 49.07 ± 10.46 | 50.44 ± 8.06 | ns |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.99 ± 3.11 | 24.30 ± 4.72 | 24.79 ± 3.45 | 24.81 ± 2.95 | 26.83 ± 2.66 | 25.48 ± 2.91 | ns |
Drinking History | |||||||
TD90 | 1199 ± 601 | 1182 ± 821 | 1195 ± 619 | 978 ± 296 | 911 ± 507 | 958 ± 351 | ns |
HDD90 b | 70.50 ± 25.04 | 74.00 ± 25.98 | 71.31 ± 24.19 | 79.44 ± 16.14 | 82.50 ± 8.81 | 80.38 ± 13.97 | 0.045 |
AvgDPD90 | 16.73 ± 6.35 | 14.36 ± 7.81 | 16.18 ± 6.44 | 12.42 ± 3.84 | 10.77 ± 5.82 | 11.91 ± 4.35 | ns |
NDD90 | 72.10 ± 23.10 | 77.00 ± 20.78 | 73.23 ± 21.84 | 81.33 + 16.83 | 83.25 ±9.43 | 81.92 ± 14.56 | ns |
LTDH a | 22.40 ± 6.24 | 14.75 ± 7.41 | 20.21 ± 7.24 | 20.67 ± 13.63 | 10.75 ± 9.47 | 17.62 ± 13.00 | 0.011 |
Liver Injury Markers | |||||||
ALT bd (IU/L) | 97.80 ± 34.93 | 50.75 ± 23.47 | 84.36 ± 38.19 | 100.89 ± 43.12 | 170.50 ± 119.72 | 122.31 ± 77.08 | ns |
AST a (IU/L) | 104.8 ± 49.5 | 102.3 ± 73.5 | 104.1 ± 54.3 | 179.9 ± 94.9 | 257.8 ± 141.5 | 203.9 ± 111.4 | 0.003 |
AST:ALT | 1.064 ± 0.293 | 1.898 ± 0.476 | 1.302 ± 0.514 | 1.830 ± 0.532 | 1.833 ± 1.235 | 1.831 ± 0.755 | ns |
Nutritional Status | |||||||
CONUT | 0.800 ± 1.135 | 0.750 ± 0.500 | 0.786 ± 0.975 | 2.111 ± 1.537 | 0.750 ± 0.957 | 1.692 ± 1.494 | ns |
Blood Cell Measures | |||||||
WBC (K/uL) | 5.433 ± 1.333 | 8.100 ± 1.692 | 6.195 ± 1.858 | 4.419 ± 1.710 | 5.920 ± 1.504 | 4.881 ± 1.742 | ns |
AMC a (K/uL) | 0.463 ± 0.130 | 0.528 ± 0.095 | 0.481 ±0.121 | 0.429 ± 0.311 | 0.452 ± 0.046 | 3.687 ± 1.762 | ns |
ANC (K/uL) | 3.138 ± 1.216 | 5.057 ± 2.346 | 3.687 ± 1.762 | 2.741 ± 1.293 | 3.662 ± 1.328 | 3.025 ± 1.323 | ns |
Candidate Cytokine Response | |||||||
IL1β (pg/mL) | 0.618 ± 0.329 | 0.736 ± 0.794 | 0.655 ± 0.482 | 0.409 ± 0.222 | 0.273 ± 0.242 | 0.364 ± 0.228 | ns |
IL6 a (pg/mL) | 2.398 ± 1.022 | 3.913 ± 1.389 | 2.864 ± 1.307 | 4.052 ± 3.916 | 9.311 ± 5.000 | 5.804 ± 4.825 | 0.003 |
TNFα bd (pg/mL) | 2.049 ± 0.536 | 1.479 ± 0.0.336 | 1.874 ± 0.543 | 1.742 ± 0.456 | 3.304 ± 1.617 | 2.263 ± 1.199 | ns |
IL8 d (pg/mL) | 4.878 ± 1.998 | 4.154 ± 1.482 | 4.655 ± 1.825 | 6.306 ± 4.738 | 22.637 ± 24.883 | 11.750 ± 15.742 | 0.023 |
Candidate Gut-dysfunction Markers | |||||||
LPS a (EU/mL) | 0.124 ± 0.063 | 0.124 ± 0.081 | 0.124 ± 0.065 | 0.104 ± 0.071 | 0.099 ± 0.046 | 0.102 ± 0.062 | ns |
LBP (ng/mL) | 2385 ± 3395 | 723 ± 555 | 1969 ± 3000 | 2142 ± 2238 | 3579 ± 5071 | 2584 ± 3201 | ns |
CD14 (×106 pg/mL) | 9229 ± 1912 | 10679 ± 1215 | 9643 ± 1826 | 9164 ± 2231 | 10373 ± 1224 | 9536 ± 2007 | ns |
Liver Cell Death Markers | |||||||
K18M65 (IU/L) | 1124 ± 1281 | 528 ± 329 | 953.4 ± 1113.2 | 1107 ± 696 | 1552 ± 1151 | 1244 ± 837 | ns |
K18M30 (IU/L) | 474.7 ± 503.4 | 404.4 ± 218.3 | 454.6 ± 433.0 | 333.1 ± 155.5 | 626.1 ± 427.2 | 423.4 ± 285.5 | ns |
M65:M30 | 2.232 ± 1.196 | 1.443 ±0.645 | 2.007 ± 1.106 | 3.285 ± 1.780 | 2.348 ± 0.711 | 2.997 ± 1.563 | ns |
Measures | Group 2a (Improved K18M65, Gr. 2a) | Group 2b (Elevated K18M65, Gr. 2b) | Between Group p-Value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Males (n = 15; 75%) | Females (n = 5; 25%) | Total (n = 20; 74.1%) | Males (n = 4; 57.1%) | Females (n = 3; 42.9%) | Total (n = 7; 25.9%) | ||
Liver Injury Markers | |||||||
ALT(IU/L) | 61.83 ± 25.21 | na | 61.83 ± 25.21 | 51.00 ± 19.00 | 45.00 ± 25.46 | 48.60 ± 18.80 | ns |
AST (IU/L) | 29.83 ± 6.31 | na | 29.83 ± 6.31 | 39.33 ± 5.03 | 34.50 ± 6.36 | 37.40 ± 5.46 | ns |
AST: ALT | 0.55 ± 0.27 | na | 0.55 ± 0.27 | 0.85 ± 0.35 | 0.87 ≠ 0.35 | 0.86 ± 0.30 | ns |
Candidate Cytokine Response | |||||||
IL1β c (pg/mL) | 0.48 ± 0.23 | 1.90 ± 1.57 | 0.87 ± 1.02 | 0.47 ± 0.23 | 0.28 ± 0.17 | 0.39 ± 0.22 | ns |
IL6 ab (pg/mL) | 2.58 ± 1.02 | 3.00 ± 0.63 | 2.70 ± 0.93 | 6.03 ± 3.99 | 5.46 ± 1.97 | 5.78 ± 3.06 | p < 0.001 |
TNFα (pg/mL) | 2.32 ± 0.70 | 2.17 ± 0.95 | 2.27 ± 0.75 | 2.21 ± 1.10 | 3.04 ± 1.57 | 2.56 ± 1.27 | ns |
IL8 (pg/mL) | 3.06 ± 1.53 | 2.47 ± 1.48 | 2.89 ± 1.50 | 3.94 ± 1.37 | 10.58 ± 7.85 | 6.79 ± 5.84 | 0.013 |
Candidate Gut-dysfunction Markers | |||||||
LPS c (EU/mL) | 0.059 ± 0.019 | 0.093 ± 0.042 | 0.068 ± 0.029 | 0.040 ± 0.024 | 0.053 ± 0.011 | 0.046 ± 0.019 | ns |
LBP b (ng/mL) | 1481 ± 1374 | 764.8 ± 808.9 | 1330 ± 1291 | 4290 ± 5906 | 7766 ± 1162 | 5780 ± 4620 | p < 0.001 |
CD14 cd (×106 pg/mL) | 6728 ± 1681 | 9778 ±1153 | 7490 ± 2049 | 6350 ± 1111 | 8878 ± 780 | 7433 ± 1627 | ns |
Liver Cell Death Markers | |||||||
K18M65 ab (IU/L) | 288.3 ± 92.2 | 205.7 ± 62.3 | 267.7 ± 91.8 | 2358 ±3098 | 864.3 ± 133.7 | 1718 ± 2333 | 0.008 |
K18M30 a (IU/L) | 202.3 ± 48.4 | 300.9 ± 193.2 | 227.0 ± 107.3 | 386.6 ± 157.2 | 444.0 ± 81.3 | 415.3 ± 116.3 | 0.001 |
M65:M30abc | 1.45 ± 0.44 | 0.80 ± 0.29 | 1.29 ± 0.50 | 2.04 ± 0.30 | 1.97 ± 0.33 | 2.01 ± 0.29 | 0.003 |
Measures | Group 2c (1.45 ≤ FIB-4 ≤ 3.25), Gr. 2c) | Group 2d (FIB-4 > 3.25, Gr. 2d) | Between Group p-Value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Males (n = 10; 71.4%) | Females (n = 4; 28.6%) | Total (n = 14; 51.9%) | Males (n = 9; 69.2%) | Females (n = 4; 30.7%) | Total (n = 13; 48.1%) | ||
Liver Injury Markers | |||||||
ALT(IU/L) | 68.40 ± 21.70 | 27.00 * | 61.50 ± 25.74 | 45.50 ± 19.02 | 63.00 * | 49.00 ± 18.23 | ns |
AST (IU/L) | 29.60 ± 7.02 | 30.00 * | 29.67 ± 6.28 | 37.25 ± 5.85 | 39.00 * | 37.60 ± 5.13 | ns |
AST: ALT a | 0.449 ± 0.094 | 1.111 * | 0.560 ± 0.283 | 0.904 ± 0.305 | 0.619 * | 0.847 ± 0.293 | ns |
Candidate Cytokine Response | |||||||
IL1β acd (pg/mL) | 0.521 ± 0.282 | 0.971 ± 1.184 | 0.659 ± 0.671 | 0.427 ± 0.140 | 1.612 ± 1.809 | 0.822 ± 1.116 | ns |
IL6 a (pg/mL) | 2.380 ± 0.989 | 4.260 ± 2.333 | 2.958 ± 1.681 | 4.527 ± 3.144 | 3.591 ± 1.071 | 4.215 ± 2.611 | ns |
TNFα (pg/mL) | 2.329 ± 0.685 | 1.715 ± 1.045 | 2.140 ± 0.820 | 2.245 ± 0.909 | 3.275 ± 0.779 | 2.589 ± 0.974 | ns |
IL8 cd (pg/mL) | 3.132 ± 1.613 | 6.042 ± 8.021 | 4.027 ± 4.446 | 3.414 ± 1.463 | 4.975 ± 4.475 | 3.934 ± 2.723 | ns |
Candidate Gut-dysfunction Markers | |||||||
LPS d (EU/mL) | 0.063 ± 0.020 | 0.072 ± 0.020 | 0.065 ± 0.020 | 0.047 ± 0.020 | 0.085 ± 0.054 | 0.058 ± 0.036 | ns |
LBP c (ng/mL) | 1641 ± 1574 | 2692 ± 3691 | 1883 ± 2084 | 2552 ± 4027 | 4570 ± 4297 | 3173 ± 4046 | 0.045 |
CD14 bcd (×106 pg/mL) | 6455 ± 1666 | 9425 ± 1506 | 7304 ± 2094 | 6862 ± 1498 | 9457 ± 644 | 7661 ± 1776 | ns |
Liver Cell Death Markers | |||||||
K18M65 (IU/L) | 984.3 ± 2104.5 | 375.2 ± 357.9 | 810.3 ± 1782.5 | 435.1 ± 381.0 | 530.2 ± 379.7 | 464.3 ± 367.3 | ns |
K18M30 c (IU/L) | 213.9 ± 58.8 | 353.6 ± 208.0 | 256.9 ± 132.8 | 252.2 ± 128.9 | 355.5 ± 154.0 | 284.0 ± 139.5 | ns |
M65:M30 | 1.564 ± 0.401 | 1.142 ± 0.866 | 1.434 ± 0.580 | 1.541 ± 0.560 | 1.340 ± 0.507 | 1.479 ± 0.532 | ns |
Measures | Group 2a (Improved K18M65, Gr. 2a) | Group 2b (Elevated K18M65, Gr. 2b) | Between Group p-Value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Males (n = 15; 75%) | Females (n = 5; 25%) | Total (n = 20; 74.1%) | Males (n = 4; 57.1%) | Females (n = 3; 42.9%) | Total (n = 7; 25.9%) | ||
Age (years) | 47.5 ± 7.2 | 42.9 ± 12.0 | 46.34 ± 8.51 | 48.91 ± 6.93 | 49.76 ± 14.98 | 49.27 ± 9.95 | ns |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.8 ± 3.2 | 25.8 ± 2.6 | 25.05 ± 2.99 | 25.35 ± 2.44 | 25.20 ± 6.00 | 25.29 ± 3.87 | ns |
Drinking History | |||||||
TD90 | 1059 ± 478 | 911.4 ± 695.7 | 1022 ± 523 | 1226 ± 549 | 1317 ± 271 | 1256 ± 444 | ns |
HDD90 | 71.87 ± 23.08 | 75.80 ± 19.49 | 72.85 ± 21.80 | 85.50 ± 4.65 | 86.50 ± 4.95 | 85.83 ± 4.26 | ns |
AvgDPD90 | 14.96 ± 5.66 | 11.10 ± 7.14 | 13.99 ± 6.11 | 13.68 ± 6.19 | 15.33 ± 4.01 | 14.23 ± 5.19 | ns |
NDD90 | 72.93 ± 21.68 | 78.20 ± 16.39 | 74.25 + 20.21 | 89.75 ± 0.50 | 86.50 ± 4.95 | 88.67 ± 2.80 | ns |
LTDH c | 23.13 ± 9.57 | 9.40 ± 7.54 | 19.70 + 10.80 | 15.75 ± 11.50 | 18.33 ± 6.66 | 16.86 ± 9.10 | ns |
Liver Injury Markers | |||||||
ALT(IU/L) | 103.8 ± 37.9 | 113.4 ± 112.6 | 106.2 + 61.9 | 82.25 ± 38.20 | 106.0 ± 106.1 | 92.43 ± 68.13 | ns |
AST (IU/L) | 146.6 ± 89.2 | 154.2 ± 123.4 | 148.5 + 95.3 | 117.0 ± 47.2 | 223.0 ± 165.5 | 162.4 ± 116.0 | ns |
AST: ALT | 1.35 ± 0.45 | 1.53 ± 0.63 | 1.40 + 0.49 | 1.70 ± 0.93 | 2.43 ± 1.03 | 2.01 ± 0.97 | 0.037 |
Nutritional Status | |||||||
CONUT | 1.27 ± 1.16 | 1.00 ± 0.71 | 1.20 + 1.06 | 2.00 ± 2.45 | 0.33 ± 0.58 | 1.29 ± 1.98 | ns |
Blood Cell Measures | |||||||
WBC c (K/uL) | 4.72 + 1.34 | 6.65 ± 0.95 | 5.20 + 1.50 | 5.81 ± 2.26 | 7.61 ± 3.12 | 6.58 ± 2.59 | ns |
AMC (K/uL) | 0.398 ± 0.141 | 0.503 + 0.098 | 0.424 + 0.137 | 0.630 ± 0.403 | 0.468 ± 0.043 | 0.560 ± 0.299 | ns |
ANC (K/uL) | 2.82 + 1.14 | 4.02 + 1.04 | 3.12 ± 1.21 | 3.43 ± 1.65 | 4.36 ± 1.92 | 4.07 ± 2.30 | ns |
Candidate Cytokine Response | |||||||
IL1β (pg/mL) | 0.565 ± 0.281 | 0.564 ± 0.759 | 0.565 ± 0.437 | 0.373 ± 0.333 | 0.406 ± 0.269 | 0.387 ± 0.283 | ns |
IL6 ac (pg/mL) | 2.45 ± 1.07 | 5.31 + 2.73 | 3.24 + 2.07 | 5.55 ± 5.30 | 8.78 ± 6.59 | 6.93 ± 5.61 | 0.022 |
TNFα (pg/mL) | 1.88 + 0.57 | 2.30 + 1.69 | 2.00 ± 0.97 | 1.98 ± 0.24 | 2.54 ± 1.29 | 2.22 ± 0.82 | ns |
IL8 a (pg/mL) | 4.63 + 2.28 | 7.18 + 6.47 | 5.34 ± 3.86 | 8.55 ± 5.42 | 23.75 ± 30.54 | 15.07 ± 19.79 | ns |
Candidate Gut-dysfunction Markers | |||||||
LPS (EU/mL) | 0.121 ± 0.067 | 0.134 ± 0.070 | 0.124 ± 0.066 | 0.089 ± 0.060 | 0.075 ± 0.022 | 0.083 ± 0.045 | ns |
LBP (ng/mL) | 2174 ± 2915 | 3140 ± 5347 | 2389 ± 3423 | 2576 ± 2681 | 1308 ± 343 | 2023 ± 2023 | ns |
CD14 bc (×106 pg/mL) | 9434 ± 1811 | 11218 ± 552 | 9980 ± 1763 | 8312 ± 2759 | 9373 ± 867 | 8767 ± 2092 | ns |
Liver Cell Death Markers | |||||||
K18M65 (IU/L) | 1118 ± 1131 | 913.7 ± 1208.8 | 1067 ± 1121 | 1105 ± 502 | 1250 ± 411 | 1167 ± 434 | ns |
K18M30 (IU/L) | 423.8 ± 420.1 | 535.8 ± 438.9 | 451.8 ± 416.0 | 347.1 ± 162.7 | 480.9 ± 79.4 | 404.4 ± 143.0 | ns |
M65:M30 | 2.53 ± 1.42 | 1.49 ± 0.67 | 2.27 ± 1.34 | 3.50 ± 2.01 | 2.57 ± 0.47 | 3.10 ± 1.53 | ns |
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Sagaram, M.; Parthasarathy, R.; Condon, S.L.; Closson, C.F.; Kong, M.; Schwandt, M.L.; Jophlin, L.L.; Feng, W.; Barve, A.J.; Vatsalya, V. Theragnostic Efficacy of K18 Response in Alcohol Use Disorder with Clinically Significant Fibrosis Using Gut-Liver Axis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 5852. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23105852
Sagaram M, Parthasarathy R, Condon SL, Closson CF, Kong M, Schwandt ML, Jophlin LL, Feng W, Barve AJ, Vatsalya V. Theragnostic Efficacy of K18 Response in Alcohol Use Disorder with Clinically Significant Fibrosis Using Gut-Liver Axis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(10):5852. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23105852
Chicago/Turabian StyleSagaram, Manasa, Ranganathan Parthasarathy, Sally L. Condon, Charles F. Closson, Maiying Kong, Melanie L. Schwandt, Loretta L. Jophlin, Wenke Feng, Ashutosh J. Barve, and Vatsalya Vatsalya. 2022. "Theragnostic Efficacy of K18 Response in Alcohol Use Disorder with Clinically Significant Fibrosis Using Gut-Liver Axis" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 10: 5852. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23105852