Virulence Factors of Candida spp. and Host Immune Response Important in the Pathogenesis of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Overview of Candida spp.
2.1. Risk Factors Associated with Superficial and Invasive Candida Infections
2.2. Most Commonly Isolated Species
2.3. Infections Caused by Fungi of the Genus Candida
3. Vulvovaginal Candidiasis
4. Pathogenicity of Fungi of the Genus Candida spp. Related to Vaginal Infections—Virulence Factors
4.1. Adhesion
4.2. Hydrolytic Enzymes
4.3. Adaptability to Changing Environmental Conditions, Dimorphism and Phenotypic Switching
4.4. Biofilm
5. Pathogenicity of Fungi of the Genus Candida spp. Associated with Vaginal Infections—Host Immune Response
6. Summary
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Factor | Genes | Candida Strains | Function in Biofilm Formation during VVC | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Als proteins | family of ALS | C. albicans C. parapsilosis C. tropicalis C. dubliniensis C. guillermondii C. lusitaniae | adhesion to VECs | [8,42,47,48] |
Epa protein | EPA | C. albicans C. glabrata | adhesion to VECs | [8,42,51] |
Hwp1 protein | HWP1 | Candida spp. | adhesion to VECs | [8,41,44,48] |
Sap enzymes | family of SAP | C. albicans C. parapsilosis C. tropicalis C. dubliniensis | adhesion to VECs, phenotypic switching, formation of hyphae and its adhesion and penetration into VECs | [24,42,47,50,54] |
yapsins | YPS | C. glabrata | adhesion to VECs, phenotypic switching, formation of hyphae and its adhesion and penetration into VEC | [8,53,54] |
lipases | LIP | C. albicans C. parapsilosis C. tropicalis | increasing adhesion to VECs | [42,50,53,59] |
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Czechowicz, P.; Nowicka, J.; Gościniak, G. Virulence Factors of Candida spp. and Host Immune Response Important in the Pathogenesis of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 5895. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23115895
Czechowicz P, Nowicka J, Gościniak G. Virulence Factors of Candida spp. and Host Immune Response Important in the Pathogenesis of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(11):5895. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23115895
Chicago/Turabian StyleCzechowicz, Paulina, Joanna Nowicka, and Grażyna Gościniak. 2022. "Virulence Factors of Candida spp. and Host Immune Response Important in the Pathogenesis of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 11: 5895. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23115895