Next Article in Journal
Waste-to-Resource Strategy to Fabricate Functionalized MOFs Composite Material Based on Durian Shell Biomass Carbon Fiber and Fe3O4 for Highly Efficient and Recyclable Dye Adsorption
Next Article in Special Issue
A Transcriptomic Response to Lactiplantibacillus plantarum-KCC48 against High-Fat Diet-Induced Fatty Liver Diseases in Mice
Previous Article in Journal
Interaction between Bacteria and the Immune System for Cancer Immunotherapy: The α-GalCer Alliance
Previous Article in Special Issue
Novel Bacillus ginsengihumi CMRO6 Inhibits Adipogenesis via p38MAPK/Erk44/42 and Stimulates Glucose Uptake in 3T3-L1 Pre-Adipocytes through Akt/AS160 Signaling
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
IJMS
Volume 23
Issue 11
10.3390/ijms23115901
ijms-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Ameliorative Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum HAC01 Lysate on 3T3-L1 Adipocyte Differentiation via AMPK Activation and MAPK Inhibition

by
Jong-Yeon Kim
1,
Eun-Jung Park
2,* and
Hae-Jeung Lee
1,2,3,*
1
Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
2
Department of Food and Nutrition, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
3
Institute for Aging and Clinical Nutrition Research, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(11), 5901; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23115901
Submission received: 7 May 2022 / Revised: 22 May 2022 / Accepted: 23 May 2022 / Published: 24 May 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Studies on Lactic Acid Bacteria and Their Products in Health and Diseases)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Lactobacillus plantarum HAC01 has been shown to effectively treat metabolic diseases. However, the precise pharmacological effects and molecular mechanisms of L. plantarum HAC01 remain unclear. In this study, we investigate the anti-adipogenic effects of L. plantarum HAC01 lysate and its associated mechanism of action. To induce lipid accumulation, 3T3-L1 cells were incubated in differentiation media with or without L. plantarum HAC01 lysate. Our results show that L. plantarum HAC01 lysate treatment not only reduced lipid accumulation during the differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells, but also decreased the expression of adipogenic and lipogenic genes involved in lipid metabolism in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, L. plantarum HAC01 lysate inhibited CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) beta within 4 h of differentiation induction and inhibited peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, C/EBP alpha, and sterol regulatory element-binding proteins within 2 d. Moreover, treatment with L. plantarum HAC01 lysate increased the phosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, an important regulator of energy metabolism, and decreased the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase. These results indicate that L. plantarum HAC01 lysate may have anti-adipogenic effects and support its potential as a useful agent for the treatment of obesity.

1. Introduction

The excessive accumulation of body fat leads to obesity, which increases the risk of non-communicable diseases, such as type-2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases [1,2]. Therefore, many methods have been proposed to reduce body fat accumulation. The most common solution is exercise; however, the intake of natural products or chemicals with anti-obesity effects has also become popular [3]. Various natural products that can reduce body fat accumulation have been studied, among which probiotics are known to exert anti-obesity effects [3,4].
Probiotics are a type of viable microorganism that primarily maintain beneficial bacteria in the gut and suppress the growth of harmful bacteria. Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium are widely regarded as safe probiotics with many potential health benefits, including the amelioration of obesity, metabolic syndromes, immune disorders, and irritable bowel syndrome [5]. Owing to concerns about the safety and usefulness of viable probiotics, probiotic lysates have recently gained attention as an alternative [6]. Both probiotics and probiotic lysates have demonstrated beneficial effects on various diseases and conditions, such as colitis, inflammation, and tumors [7,8]. Interestingly, several studies have shown that probiotic lysates ameliorate obesity by decreasing body weight, especially adipose tissue weight, lowering total cholesterol, and reducing the expression of adipogenic factors in vitro and in vivo [9,10,11].
Adipogenesis is the process of differentiation from pre-adipocytes to mature adipocytes, accompanied by changes in gene expression and cell morphology [12]. Various transcription factors, including CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins beta and alpha (C/EBPβ and α), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ), and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), regulate the early stage of adipocyte differentiation [13]. These transcription factors are suppressed by activated adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a regulatory sensor of cellular energy metabolism [14]. Furthermore, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, which involves extracellular regulated kinase (ERK), p38, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), plays a critical role in many cellular processes, including adipocyte differentiation [15].
Studies have shown that Lactobacillus plantarum HAC01 isolated from Korean white kimchi (baek kimchi) positively affects weight loss, hyperlipidemia, and type-2 diabetes in high-fat diet mice [16,17,18]. In addition, it has been demonstrated that L. plantarum HAC01 can be used as a beneficial modulator of gut microbiota [16]. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the effects of L. plantarum HAC01 lysate on obesity remains largely unknown. In this study, we aim to evaluate the anti-obesity effects of L. plantarum HAC01 lysate on 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes and investigated its effects on the AMPK and MAPK signaling pathways to gain insight into the underlying mechanisms.

2. Results

2.1. L. plantarum HAC01 Lysate Inhibits the Differentiation of 3T3-L1 Cells

We first conducted a CCK-8 assay to determine the non-cytotoxic concentration of L. plantarum HAC01 lysate. The results demonstrate that L. plantarum HAC01 lysate was not cytotoxic to 3T3-L1 pre-adipocyte cells at concentrations ranging from 25 to 400 μg/mL (Figure 1A); thus, these concentrations were used in our experiments.
To assess the effects of L. plantarum HAC01 lysate on lipid accumulation, adipocyte differentiation was induced in 3T3-L1 cells for 7 d, followed by staining with Oil Red O solution (Figure 1B,C). Differentiated 3T3-L1 cells displayed a significant increase in lipid accumulation compared to undifferentiated cells, whereas L. plantarum HAC01 lysate-treated cells exhibited a significant dose-dependent decrease in lipid accumulation. In particular, lipid droplets were visibly diminished at a lysate concentration of 400 μg/mL. These results indicate that L. plantarum HAC01 lysate can effectively reduce adipocyte differentiation and lipid accumulation.

2.2. L. plantarum HAC01 Lysate Inhibits the Expression of Adipogenic and Lipogenic Factors in 3T3-L1 Pre-Adipocytes

After differentiation, pre-adipocytes become mature adipocytes and turn on the expression of adipogenic and lipogenic factors. We examined whether L. plantarum HAC01 lysate inhibited the expression of adipogenic and lipid synthesis markers on day 7 after differentiation. Cells treated with L. plantarum HAC01 lysate exhibited significantly reduced mRNA expression levels of adipocyte protein 2 (aP2), lipoprotein lipase (Lpl), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (Acc), and fatty acid synthase (Fas) in a dose-dependent manner (Figure 2). Moreover, L. plantarum HAC01 lysate treatment activated ACC phosphorylation and reduced FAS protein levels (Figure 3).

2.3. L. plantarum HAC01 Lysate Suppresses the Early Stage of Adipocyte Differentiation

To identify whether L. plantarum HAC01 lysate suppresses the early stage of adipocyte differentiation, we investigated the expression of C/EBPβ in 3T3-L1 cells after 4 h of differentiation. Treatment with L. plantarum HAC01 lysate significantly suppressed the mRNA and protein levels of C/EBPβ (Figure 4).
We also examined the expression of transcription factors on day 2 of differentiation. The mRNA expression levels of C/ebpα, Pparγ, and Srebp-1c were significantly decreased following L. plantarum HAC01 lysate treatment (Figure 5A–C). Similarly, Western blotting demonstrated that the protein levels of C/EBPα, PPARγ, and SREBP-1c were also significantly reduced following treatment (Figure 5D,E). These effects of L. plantarum HAC01 lysate treatment were sustained for up to 7 d (Figure 6). Together, these results indicate that HAC01 lysate suppresses the early stage of adipocyte differentiation.

2.4. L. plantarum HAC01 Lysate Inhibits Adipocyte Differentiation via the Activation of AMPK

To evaluate the molecular mechanism underlying the anti-adipogenic properties of L. plantarum HAC01 lysate, we investigated the activation of AMPK, which suppressed adipocyte differentiation, during the early differentiation period (day 2). As shown in Figure 7A, the phospho-AMPK/AMPK ratio was elevated following treatment with L. plantarum HAC01 lysate, indicating increased pathway activity. This led us to hypothesize that L. plantarum HAC01 lysate inhibits adipocyte differentiation via the AMPK signaling pathway, which we tested by treating 3T3-L1 cells with L. plantarum HAC01 lysate and an AMPK inhibitor, Compound C. The observed increase in AMPK phosphorylation following L. plantarum HAC01 lysate treatment alone was significantly attenuated by co-treatment with Compound C (Figure 7B). These results suggest that L. plantarum HAC01 lysate exerts its inhibitory effect on early adipocyte differentiation via AMPK phosphorylation.

2.5. L. plantarum HAC01 Lysate Regulates the Phosphorylation of MAPK

The inhibition of MAPK pathway has also been linked to the downregulation of adipogenic factors during the early stage of adipocyte differentiation. Thus, we examined the phosphorylation levels of MAPK signaling components in 3T3-L1 cells with or without L. plantarum HAC01 lysate. Treatment with L. plantarum HAC01 lysate prevented the phosphorylation of ERK, p38, and JNK in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells (Figure 8). In particular, ERK phosphorylation was the most strongly inhibited. These results suggest that the attenuation of MAPK signaling may contribute to the inhibitory effect of L. plantarum HAC01 lysate on adipocyte differentiation.

3. Discussion

Probiotics and probiotic lysates are beneficial for host nutrition and health, particularly with regard to the gut environment [19]. Previous work has reported on the beneficial effects of probiotic lysates on various diseases. Several studies have indicated that Lactobacillus lysates ameliorate colitis by strengthening gut barrier function and modulating the mucosal inflammatory system [8,20]. Moreover, Lactobacillus lysates enhance antitumor immune responses [21] and improve hypercholesterolemia [22]. Furthermore, previous studies have demonstrated that L. plantarum ATG-K2 lysate prevents adipocyte differentiation in vitro [23]. These results are in line with our finding that L. plantarum HAC01 lysate inhibits the differentiation of adipocytes, providing precedent for its use in treating obesity.
The differentiation of pre-adipocytes into mature adipocytes occurs in several stages: early, intermediate, and terminal [24]. C/EBPβ is an essential transcription factor involved in adipocyte differentiation that stimulates adipogenesis during the early stage by activating other major transcription factors, such as C/EBPα, PPARγ, and SREBP-1c [25]. Therefore, C/EBPβ is crucial for progression through the early stage of adipocyte differentiation and its inhibition by L. plantarum HAC01 lysate is an important mechanism underlying the anti-adipogenic effects of HAC01 (Figure 4). C/EBPα, PPARγ, and SREBP-1c also play critical roles in regulating adipogenesis [26]. SREBP-1c regulates fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis by stimulating the expression of ACC and FAS and inducing C/EBPα and PPARγ expression [27]. When C/EBPα and PPARγ are expressed, the size and number of lipid droplets increases and the lipid–protein pathway is upregulated, promoting adipocyte differentiation [28]. Additionally, PPARγ activation is upstream of aP2 and LPL expression in adipose tissue [29]. In this study, L. plantarum HAC01 lysate significantly suppressed the expression of aP2, LPL, ACC, and FAS during the terminal stage of differentiation (Figure 2 and Figure 3), and that of C/EBPα, PPARγ, and SREBP-1c during early and terminal stages (Figure 5 and Figure 6). Taken together, these results support the effectiveness of HAC01 lysate in inhibiting adipogenesis throughout the differentiation process.
AMPK is a key regulator of various physiological processes, including cellular energy homeostasis and lipid and fatty acid metabolism [29]. Increase in AMP activates AMPK and promotes ATP production, leading to suppress energy consumption, such as adipogenesis and lipogenesis [10,30]. Therefore, AMPK signaling is a targeted pathway to treat metabolic diseases, including obesity. When AMPK is phosphorylated, it becomes activated and suppresses the expression of adipogenic and lipogenic factors, such as C/EBPs, PPARγ, and SREBP-1c [30], which is also shown our results (Figure 2, Figure 3, Figure 4, Figure 5 and Figure 6). As seen in our results (Figure 3A), activated AMPK also promotes the phosphorylation and inactivation of ACC, which is important for mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis and consumption [31]. The effect of L. plantarum HAC01 lysate on AMPK phosphorylation was partially, but significantly, reversed by Compound C (Figure 7B), suggesting that AMPK may be directly involved in the L. plantarum HAC01 lysate-mediated inhibition of adipocyte differentiation.
MAPK signaling is also involved in the early differentiation of adipocytes. The MAPK signaling pathway is activated through phosphorylation by extracellular stimuli, inducing various intracellular responses [32]. ERK is phosphorylated by C/EBPβ, which is expressed during the early stage of differentiation, and induces the expression of C/EBPα and PPARγ to promote adipocyte differentiation [33]. In addition, p38 has been previously reported to regulate adipocyte differentiation during the early stage [34], and JNK has been reported to be both a positive and negative regulator of adipocyte differentiation [15,34,35,36]. In this study, we found that the phosphorylation of ERK, p38, and JNK was suppressed following treatment with L. plantarum HAC01 lysate (Figure 8), implicating the inhibition of MAPK signaling as a mechanistic component underlying the anti-adipogenic effect of HAC01 lysate.
In conclusion, this study demonstrated that L. plantarum HAC01 lysate inhibits lipid accumulation and gene expression of adipocyte differentiation and lipid synthesis factors. Moreover, this inhibition is facilitated via AMPK activation and MAPK inhibition (Figure 9). Owing to its ability to negatively regulate adipocyte differentiation, L. plantarum HAC01 lysate may be a promising anti-obesity agent. However, further studies are needed to confirm the effects of L. plantarum HAC01 lysate in animal models and humans.

4. Materials and Methods

4.1. Materials

A lysate of L. plantarum HAC01 was obtained from AtoGen (AtoGen Co., Ltd., Daejeon, Korea) and prepared as previously described [16,23]. 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes were purchased from American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA). Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) and Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered saline were purchased from Corning Inc. (Corning, NY, USA). Bovine calf serum, fetal bovine serum (FBS), antibiotic–antimycotic solution, 0.5% trypsin-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and insulin were provided by Gibco BRL (Grand Island, NY, USA). Dexamethasone, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, paraformaldehyde, Oil Red O solution, and isopropanol were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Skim milk was purchased from BD Difco (Sparks, MD, USA). Primary antibodies were purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, UK), Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA), and Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Dallas, TX, USA) (Table S1).

4.2. Cell Culture and Differentiation

3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes were cultured in 10% bovine calf serum-DMEM in a 5% CO2 incubator at 37 ℃. To induce adipocyte differentiation, 3T3-L1 cells were seeded at a density of 0.5 × 105 cells/mL and maintained for 2 d. Pre-adipocytes were then induced with a differentiation medium comprising 10% FBS-DMEM with an MDI cocktail (500 μM 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, 1 μM dexamethasone, and 10 μg/mL insulin) on day 0. On day 3, the differentiation medium was replaced with 10% FBS-DMEM containing insulin. On day 5, cells were maintained in 10% FBS-DMEM up to day 7. To evaluate the effects of L. plantarum HAC01 lysate on adipocyte differentiation, cells were cultured in a differentiation medium with varying concentrations of L. plantarum HAC01 lysate (0, 50, 100, 200, and 400 μg/mL).

4.3. Cell Viability Assay

Cell viability assays were conducted using a Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8; Dojindo Laboratories, Kumamoto, Japan) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. 3T3-L1 cells were seeded at a density of 1 × 105 cells/mL for 24 h and treated with varying concentrations of L. plantarum HAC01 lysate (0, 25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 μg/mL). After incubation for 72 h, CCK-8 solution (10 μL) was added to each well and cells were incubated for 2 h in the dark. The absorbance was measured at 450 nm using an Epoch microplate spectrophotometer (BioTek Instruments, Winooski, VT, USA).

4.4. Oil Red O Staining

Differentiated 3T3-L1 cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 1 h and washed with distilled water. The cells were then stained with Oil Red O solution for 30 min. After removing the staining solution and washing four times with distilled water, images of the stained lipid droplets were obtained using an ECLIPSE Ts2 microscope (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan). The dye retained in the cells was eluted with 100% isopropanol and quantified by measuring the absorbance at 500 nm using an Epoch microplate spectrophotometer (BioTek Instruments, Winooski, VT, USA).

4.5. Quantitative Reverse-Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR)

mRNA expression was measured using qRT-PCR. In brief, total RNA was extracted using the easy-spin TM Total RNA Extraction Kit (iNtRON Biotechnology, Seongnam, Korea) and 50 ng/μL was measured using a Take3 Micro-Volume plate (BioTek Instruments, Winooski, VT, USA). Complementary DNA was synthesized using GoScript Reverse Transcriptase (Promega, Madison, WI, USA). qRT-PCR was performed using a QuantStudio 3 real-time PCR instrument (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). All genes were normalized to β-actin. Sequences are provided in Table S2.

4.6. Western Blotting

Differentiated 3T3-L1 cells were lysed in PRO-PREP™ Protein Extraction Solution (iNtRON Biotechnology, Seong-nam, Korea) supplemented with a phosphatase inhibitor (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). Following quantification, 40 μg of protein sample was loaded on a 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel and transferred onto a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane. After blocking with 5% skim milk for 1 h at room temperature, the membranes were incubated with primary antibodies for 2 h, followed by horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies (Promega, Madison, WI, USA) for 1 h. Protein bands were visualized using the ImageQuant TM LAS 500 system (GE Healthcare, Upsala, Sweden).

4.7. Statistical Analysis

All data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation of at least three independent experiments. Statistical significance was analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Tukey’s post hoc tests using GraphPad Prism 9 software (Graph Pad Software Inc., San Diego, CA, USA). Results with p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/ijms23115901/s1.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, H.-J.L. and E.-J.P.; methodology, E.-J.P. and J.-Y.K.; validation, J.-Y.K.; formal analysis, E.-J.P. and J.-Y.K.; investigation, J.-Y.K.; writing—original draft preparation, J.-Y.K.; writing—review and editing, H.-J.L. and E.-J.P.; visualization, E.-J.P. and J.-Y.K.; supervision, H.-J.L. and E.-J.P.; project administration, H.-J.L. and E.-J.P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by the Gachon University research fund of 2022 (GCU-202106640001) and “Cooperative Research Program of Center for Companion Animal Research (Project No. PJ01398403)” Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The experimental data are available on request by corresponding author.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Seravalle, G.; Grassi, G. Obesity and hypertension. Pharmacol. Res. 2017, 122, 1–7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  2. Malone, J.I.; Hansen, B.C. Does obesity cause type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)? Or is it the opposite? Pediatr. Diabetes 2019, 20, 5–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  3. Karri, S.; Sharma, S.; Hatware, K.; Patil, K. Natural anti-obesity agents and their therapeutic role in management of obesity: A future trend perspective. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2019, 110, 224–238. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  4. Tang, C.; Kong, L.; Shan, M.; Lu, Z.; Lu, Y. Protective and ameliorating effects of probiotics against diet-induced obesity: A review. Food Res. Int. 2021, 147, 110490. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  5. Hussain, A.; Kwon, M.H.; Kim, H.K.; Lee, H.S.; Cho, J.S.; Lee, Y.I. Anti-Obesity effect of lactobacillus plantarum lb818 is associated with regulation of gut microbiota in high-fat diet-fed obese mice. J. Med. Food 2020, 23, 750–759. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  6. Nataraj, B.H.; Ali, S.A.; Behare, P.V.; Yadav, H. Postbiotics-parabiotics: The new horizons in microbial biotherapy and functional foods. Microb. Cell Factories 2020, 19, 168. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Teame, T.; Wang, A.; Xie, M.; Zhang, Z.; Yang, Y.; Ding, Q.; Gao, C.; Olsen, R.E.; Ran, C.; Zhou, Z. Paraprobiotics and postbiotics of probiotic lactobacilli, their positive effects on the host and action mechanisms: A review. Front. Nutr. 2020, 7, 570344. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Ahn, Y.-S.; Park, M.Y.; Shin, J.-H.; Kim, J.Y.; Kwon, O. Lysate of probiotic lactobacillus plantarum K8 modulate the mucosal inflammatory system in dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitic rats. Korean J. Food Sci. Anim. Resour. 2014, 34, 829–835. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  9. Lim, J.-J.; Jung, A.-H.; Suh, H.J.; Choi, H.-S.; Kim, H. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum K8-based paraprobiotics prevents obesity and obesity-induced inflammatory responses in high fat diet-fed mice. Food Res. Int. 2022, 155, 111066. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Kim, H.; Lim, J.-J.; Shin, H.Y.; Suh, H.J.; Choi, H.-S. Lactobacillus plantarum K8-based paraprobiotics suppress lipid accumulation during adipogenesis by the regulation of JAK/STAT and AMPK signaling pathways. J. Funct. Foods 2021, 87, 104824. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Lee, J.; Park, S.; Oh, N.; Park, J.; Kwon, M.; Seo, J.; Roh, S. Oral intake of Lactobacillus plantarum L-14 extract alleviates TLR2- and AMPK-mediated obesity-associated disorders in high-fat-diet-induced obese C57BL/6J mice. Cell Prolif. 2021, 54, e13039. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  12. Sawamoto, A.; Nakanishi, M.; Okuyama, S.; Furukawa, Y.; Nakajima, M. Heptamethoxyflavone inhibits adipogenesis via enhancing PKA signaling. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2019, 865, 172758. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  13. Kang, H.J.; Seo, H.A.; Go, Y.; Oh, C.J.; Jeoung, N.H.; Park, K.G.; Lee, I.K. Dimethylfumarate suppresses adipogenic differentiation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes through inhibition of STAT3 activity. PLoS ONE 2013, 8, e61411. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  14. Li, Y.; Li, C.; Wu, J.; Liu, W.; Li, D.; Xu, J. Harmane ameliorates obesity though inhibiting lipid accumulation and inducing adipocyte browning. RSC. Adv. 2020, 10, 4397–4403. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  15. Oh, J.H.; Karadeniz, F.; Lee, J.I.; Seo, Y.; Kong, C.S. Artemisia princeps Inhibits Adipogenic Differentiation of 3T3-L1 Pre-Adipocytes via Downregulation of PPARgamma and MAPK Pathways. Prev. Nutr. Food Sci. 2019, 24, 299–307. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Lee, Y.S.; Lee, D.; Park, G.S.; Ko, S.H.; Park, J.; Lee, Y.K.; Kang, J. Lactobacillus plantarum HAC01 ameliorates type 2 diabetes in high-fat diet and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice in association with modulating the gut microbiota. Food Funct. 2021, 12, 6363–6373. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Park, S.; Ji, Y.; Jung, H.Y.; Park, H.; Kang, J.; Choi, S.H.; Shin, H.; Hyun, C.K.; Kim, K.T.; Holzapfel, W.H. Lactobacillus plantarum HAC01 regulates gut microbiota and adipose tissue accumulation in a diet-induced obesity murine model. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2017, 101, 1605–1614. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Oh, M.R.; Jang, H.Y.; Lee, S.Y.; Jung, S.J.; Chae, S.W.; Lee, S.O.; Park, B.H. Lactobacillus plantarum HAC01 supplementation improves glycemic control in prediabetic subjects: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Nutrients 2021, 13, 2337. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Markowiak, P.; Slizewska, K. Effects of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics on human health. Nutrients 2017, 9, 1021. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Zakostelska, Z.; Kverka, M.; Klimesova, K.; Rossmann, P.; Mrazek, J.; Kopecny, J.; Hornova, M.; Srutkova, D.; Hudcovic, T.; Ridl, J.; et al. Lysate of probiotic lactobacillus casei DN-114 001 ameliorates colitis by strengthening the gut barrier function and changing the gut microenvironment. PLoS ONE 2011, 6, e27961. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Zhuo, Q.; Yu, B.; Zhou, J.; Zhang, J.; Zhang, R.; Xie, J.; Wang, Q.; Zhao, S. Lysates of lactobacillus acidophilus combined with CTLA-4-blocking antibodies enhance antitumor immunity in a mouse colon cancer model. Sci. Rep. 2019, 9, 20128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  22. Kamal, S.; Hamouda, R.A.; Mahrous, H.; Salem, M.L.; Hamza, H.A.; Elhafez, E. In vitro treatment with intact cells or cell lysates of lactobacillus and spirulina induced lowering effects on induced hypercholesteremia. Int. J. Pharmacol. 2015, 11, 638–643. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Lee, Y.S.; Park, E.J.; Park, G.S.; Ko, S.H.; Park, J.; Lee, Y.K.; Kim, J.Y.; Lee, D.; Kang, J.; Lee, H.J. Lactiplantibacillusplantarum ATG-K2 exerts an anti-obesity effect in high-fat diet-induced obese mice by modulating the gut microbiome. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 12665. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  24. Aranaz, P.; Navarro-Herrera, D.; Zabala, M.; Migueliz, I.; Romo-Hualde, A.; Lopez-Yoldi, M.; Martinez, J.A.; Vizmanos, J.L.; Milagro, F.I.; Gonzalez-Navarro, C.J. Phenolic compounds inhibit 3T3-L1 adipogenesis depending on the stage of differentiation and their binding affinity to ppargamma. Molecules 2019, 24, 1045. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  25. Chen, C.C.; Chuang, W.T.; Lin, A.H.; Tsai, C.W.; Huang, C.S.; Chen, Y.T.; Chen, H.W.; Lii, C.K. Andrographolide inhibits adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 cells by suppressing C/EBPbeta expression and activation. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2016, 307, 115–122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Maki, C.; Funakoshi-Tago, M.; Aoyagi, R.; Ueda, F.; Kimura, M.; Kobata, K.; Tago, K.; Tamura, H. Coffee extract inhibits adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 preadipocyes by interrupting insulin signaling through the downregulation of IRS1. PLoS ONE 2017, 12, e0173264. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  27. Han, M.H.; Kim, H.J.; Jeong, J.W.; Park, C.; Kim, B.W.; Choi, Y.H. Inhibition of adipocyte differentiation by anthocyanins isolated from the fruit of vitis coignetiae pulliat is associated with the activation of AMPK signaling pathway. Toxicol. Res. 2018, 34, 13–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  28. Park, M.; Sharma, A.; Lee, H.J. Anti-adipogenic effects of delphinidin-3-O-beta-glucoside in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and primary white adipocytes. Molecules 2019, 24, 1848. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  29. Yim, M.J.; Hosokawa, M.; Mizushina, Y.; Yoshida, H.; Saito, Y.; Miyashita, K. Suppressive effects of amarouciaxanthin a on 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation through down-regulation of PPARgamma and C/EBPalpha mRNA expression. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2011, 59, 1646–1652. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Daval, M.; Foufelle, F.; Ferre, P. Functions of AMP-activated protein kinase in adipose tissue. J. Physiol. 2006, 574, 55–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Lingesh, A.; Paul, D.; Naidu, V.; Satheeshkumar, N. AMPK activating and anti adipogenic potential of Hibiscus rosa sinensis flower in 3T3-L1 cells. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2019, 233, 123–130. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  32. Carling, D.; Mayer, F.V.; Sanders, M.J.; Gamblin, S.J. AMP-activated protein kinase: Nature’s energy sensor. Nat. Chem. Biol. 2011, 7, 512–518. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  33. Yamamoto, M.; Nagasawa, Y.; Fujimori, K. Glycyrrhizic acid suppresses early stage of adipogenesis through repression of MEK/ERK-mediated C/EBPbeta and C/EBPdelta expression in 3T3-L1 cells. Chem.-Biol. Interact. 2021, 346, 109595. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  34. Lim, S.H.; Lee, H.S.; Han, H.K.; Choi, C.I. Saikosaponin A and D inhibit adipogenesis via the AMPK and MAPK signaling pathways in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 11409. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  35. Lee, H.W.; Rhee, D.K.; Kim, B.O.; Pyo, S. Inhibitory effect of sinigrin on adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells: Involvement of AMPK and MAPK pathways. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2018, 102, 670–680. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  36. Poudel, B.; Lim, S.W.; Ki, H.H.; Nepali, S.; Lee, Y.M.; Kim, D.K. Dioscin inhibits adipogenesis through the AMPK/MAPK pathway in 3T3-L1 cells and modulates fat accumulation in obese mice. Int. J. Mol. Med. 2014, 34, 1401–1408. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
Ijms 23 05901 g001 550
Figure 1. Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum HAC01 lysate on lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells. (A). Cell viability. (B) Quantification of Oil Red O-stained lipid droplets. (C) Representative Oil Red O staining images. Images were captured at 200× magnification. The scale bar indicates 50 μm. OD, optical density; UD, undifferentiated; MDI, 500 μM 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, 1 μM dexamethasone, and 10 μg/mL insulin. All results are presented as mean ± standard deviation. ### p < 0.001 vs. UD; *** p < 0.001 vs. 0 μg/mL.
Figure 1. Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum HAC01 lysate on lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells. (A). Cell viability. (B) Quantification of Oil Red O-stained lipid droplets. (C) Representative Oil Red O staining images. Images were captured at 200× magnification. The scale bar indicates 50 μm. OD, optical density; UD, undifferentiated; MDI, 500 μM 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, 1 μM dexamethasone, and 10 μg/mL insulin. All results are presented as mean ± standard deviation. ### p < 0.001 vs. UD; *** p < 0.001 vs. 0 μg/mL.
Ijms 23 05901 g001
Ijms 23 05901 g002 550
Figure 2. Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum HAC01 lysate on the mRNA expression levels of adipogenic and lipogenic factors in 3T3-L1 cells. Adipocyte differentiation was induced in the presence of L. plantarum HAC01 lysate for 7 d. mRNA expression levels of (A) aP2, (B) Lpl, (C) Acc, and (D) Fas were quantified using qRT-PCR. aP2, adipocyte protein 2; Lpl, lipoprotein lipase; Acc, acetyl-CoA carboxylase; Fas, fatty acid synthase. All results are presented as mean ± SD. * p < 0.01, ** p < 0.005, and *** p < 0.001 vs. 0 μg/mL.
Figure 2. Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum HAC01 lysate on the mRNA expression levels of adipogenic and lipogenic factors in 3T3-L1 cells. Adipocyte differentiation was induced in the presence of L. plantarum HAC01 lysate for 7 d. mRNA expression levels of (A) aP2, (B) Lpl, (C) Acc, and (D) Fas were quantified using qRT-PCR. aP2, adipocyte protein 2; Lpl, lipoprotein lipase; Acc, acetyl-CoA carboxylase; Fas, fatty acid synthase. All results are presented as mean ± SD. * p < 0.01, ** p < 0.005, and *** p < 0.001 vs. 0 μg/mL.
Ijms 23 05901 g002
Ijms 23 05901 g003 550
Figure 3. Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum HAC01 lysate on the protein expression levels of lipogenic factors in 3T3-L1 cells. Adipocyte differentiation was induced in the presence of L. plantarum HAC01 lysate for 7 d. (A) Western blot band images of lipogenic factors. Representative bands from triplicate experiments are shown. (B,C) Relative protein expression levels of (B) p-ACC/ACC and (C) FAS/β-actin. ACC, acetyl-CoA carboxylase; FAS, fatty acid synthase. All results are presented as mean ± SD. * p < 0.01, ** p < 0.005, and *** p < 0.001 vs. 0 μg/mL.
Figure 3. Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum HAC01 lysate on the protein expression levels of lipogenic factors in 3T3-L1 cells. Adipocyte differentiation was induced in the presence of L. plantarum HAC01 lysate for 7 d. (A) Western blot band images of lipogenic factors. Representative bands from triplicate experiments are shown. (B,C) Relative protein expression levels of (B) p-ACC/ACC and (C) FAS/β-actin. ACC, acetyl-CoA carboxylase; FAS, fatty acid synthase. All results are presented as mean ± SD. * p < 0.01, ** p < 0.005, and *** p < 0.001 vs. 0 μg/mL.
Ijms 23 05901 g003
Ijms 23 05901 g004 550
Figure 4. Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum HAC01 lysate on the expression of C/EBPβ in 3T3-L1 cells. Adipocyte differentiation was induced in the presence of L. plantarum HAC01 lysate for 4 h. (A) mRNA expression of C/ebpβ quantified using qRT-PCR. (B) Protein expression levels of C/EBPβ compared to β-actin quantified using Western blotting. Representative bands from triplicate experiments are shown. C/EBPβ, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta. All results are presented as mean ± SD. *** p < 0.001 vs. 0 μg/mL.
Figure 4. Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum HAC01 lysate on the expression of C/EBPβ in 3T3-L1 cells. Adipocyte differentiation was induced in the presence of L. plantarum HAC01 lysate for 4 h. (A) mRNA expression of C/ebpβ quantified using qRT-PCR. (B) Protein expression levels of C/EBPβ compared to β-actin quantified using Western blotting. Representative bands from triplicate experiments are shown. C/EBPβ, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta. All results are presented as mean ± SD. *** p < 0.001 vs. 0 μg/mL.
Ijms 23 05901 g004
Ijms 23 05901 g005 550
Figure 5. Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum HAC01 lysate on the expression of transcription factors during the early stage (2 d) of adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells. Adipocyte differentiation was induced in the presence of L. plantarum HAC01 lysate for 2 d. mRNA expression levels of (A) C/ebpα, (B) Pparγ, and (C) Srebp-1c were quantified using qRT-PCR. (D) Western blot band images of transcription factors. Representative bands from triplicate experiments are shown. (E) Protein expression levels of C/EBPα (42 and 28 kDa), PPARγ (53 and 57 kDa), and SREBP-1c quantified using Western blotting. C/EBPα, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha; PPARγ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma; SREBP-1c, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c. All results are presented as mean ± SD. * p < 0.01, ** p < 0.005, and *** p < 0.001 vs. 0 μg/mL.
Figure 5. Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum HAC01 lysate on the expression of transcription factors during the early stage (2 d) of adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells. Adipocyte differentiation was induced in the presence of L. plantarum HAC01 lysate for 2 d. mRNA expression levels of (A) C/ebpα, (B) Pparγ, and (C) Srebp-1c were quantified using qRT-PCR. (D) Western blot band images of transcription factors. Representative bands from triplicate experiments are shown. (E) Protein expression levels of C/EBPα (42 and 28 kDa), PPARγ (53 and 57 kDa), and SREBP-1c quantified using Western blotting. C/EBPα, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha; PPARγ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma; SREBP-1c, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c. All results are presented as mean ± SD. * p < 0.01, ** p < 0.005, and *** p < 0.001 vs. 0 μg/mL.
Ijms 23 05901 g005
Ijms 23 05901 g006 550
Figure 6. Prolonged effects of Lactobacillus plantarum HAC01 lysate on the expression of transcription factors in 3T3-L1 cells after 7 d of differentiation. Adipocyte differentiation was induced in the presence of L. plantarum HAC01 lysate for 7 d. (A–C) mRNA expression levels of (A) C/ebpα, (B) Pparγ, and (C) Srebp-1c were quantified using qRT-PCR. (D) Western blot band images of transcription factors. Representative bands from triplicate experiments are shown. (E) Protein expression levels of C/EBPα (42 and 28 kDa), PPARγ (53 and 57 kDa), and SREBP-1c quantified using Western blotting. C/EBPα, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha; PPARγ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma; SREBP-1c, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c. All results are presented as mean ± SD. * p < 0.01, ** p < 0.005, and *** p < 0.001 vs. 0 μg/mL.
Figure 6. Prolonged effects of Lactobacillus plantarum HAC01 lysate on the expression of transcription factors in 3T3-L1 cells after 7 d of differentiation. Adipocyte differentiation was induced in the presence of L. plantarum HAC01 lysate for 7 d. (A–C) mRNA expression levels of (A) C/ebpα, (B) Pparγ, and (C) Srebp-1c were quantified using qRT-PCR. (D) Western blot band images of transcription factors. Representative bands from triplicate experiments are shown. (E) Protein expression levels of C/EBPα (42 and 28 kDa), PPARγ (53 and 57 kDa), and SREBP-1c quantified using Western blotting. C/EBPα, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha; PPARγ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma; SREBP-1c, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c. All results are presented as mean ± SD. * p < 0.01, ** p < 0.005, and *** p < 0.001 vs. 0 μg/mL.
Ijms 23 05901 g006
Ijms 23 05901 g007 550
Figure 7. Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum HAC01 lysate on AMPK activation in 3T3-L1 cells. Adipocyte differentiation was induced in the presence of L. plantarum HAC01 lysate for 2 d. (A) Protein expression levels of p-AMPK/AMPK quantified using Western blotting. (B) Protein expression levels of p-AMPK/AMPK, with or without Compound C, quantified using Western blotting. Representative bands from triplicate experiments are shown. AMPK, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase. All results are presented as mean ± SD. ** p < 0.005 and *** p < 0.001 vs. 0 μg/mL; # p < 0.005 vs. 400 μg/mL.
Figure 7. Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum HAC01 lysate on AMPK activation in 3T3-L1 cells. Adipocyte differentiation was induced in the presence of L. plantarum HAC01 lysate for 2 d. (A) Protein expression levels of p-AMPK/AMPK quantified using Western blotting. (B) Protein expression levels of p-AMPK/AMPK, with or without Compound C, quantified using Western blotting. Representative bands from triplicate experiments are shown. AMPK, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase. All results are presented as mean ± SD. ** p < 0.005 and *** p < 0.001 vs. 0 μg/mL; # p < 0.005 vs. 400 μg/mL.
Ijms 23 05901 g007
Ijms 23 05901 g008 550
Figure 8. Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum HAC01 lysate on MAPK inhibition in 3T3-L1 cells. Adipocyte differentiation was induced in the presence of L. plantarum HAC01 lysate for 2 d. (A) Western blotting band images of MAPK signaling components. Representative bands from triplicate experiments are shown. (B–D) Relative protein expression levels of (B) p-ERK/ERK, (C) p-p38/p38, and (D) p-JNK/JNK quantified using Western blotting. ERK, extracellular regulated kinase; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase. All results are presented as mean ± SD. * p < 0.01 and *** p < 0.001 vs. 0 μg/mL.
Figure 8. Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum HAC01 lysate on MAPK inhibition in 3T3-L1 cells. Adipocyte differentiation was induced in the presence of L. plantarum HAC01 lysate for 2 d. (A) Western blotting band images of MAPK signaling components. Representative bands from triplicate experiments are shown. (B–D) Relative protein expression levels of (B) p-ERK/ERK, (C) p-p38/p38, and (D) p-JNK/JNK quantified using Western blotting. ERK, extracellular regulated kinase; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase. All results are presented as mean ± SD. * p < 0.01 and *** p < 0.001 vs. 0 μg/mL.
Ijms 23 05901 g008
Ijms 23 05901 g009 550
Figure 9. Schematic diagram of anti-adipogenic effects of Lactobacillus plantarum HAC01 lysate in 3T3-L1. L. plantarum HAC01 lysate suppresses on adipocyte differentiation the early stage of adipocyte differentiation via AMPK activation and MAPK inhibition. MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; AMPK, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase; C/EBP, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein; PPARγ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; SREBP-1c, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c; aP2, adipocyte protein 2; LPL, lipoprotein lipase; ACC, acetyl-CoA carboxylase; FAS, fatty acid synthase.
Figure 9. Schematic diagram of anti-adipogenic effects of Lactobacillus plantarum HAC01 lysate in 3T3-L1. L. plantarum HAC01 lysate suppresses on adipocyte differentiation the early stage of adipocyte differentiation via AMPK activation and MAPK inhibition. MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; AMPK, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase; C/EBP, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein; PPARγ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; SREBP-1c, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c; aP2, adipocyte protein 2; LPL, lipoprotein lipase; ACC, acetyl-CoA carboxylase; FAS, fatty acid synthase.
Ijms 23 05901 g009
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Kim, J.-Y.; Park, E.-J.; Lee, H.-J. Ameliorative Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum HAC01 Lysate on 3T3-L1 Adipocyte Differentiation via AMPK Activation and MAPK Inhibition. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 5901. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23115901

AMA Style

Kim J-Y, Park E-J, Lee H-J. Ameliorative Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum HAC01 Lysate on 3T3-L1 Adipocyte Differentiation via AMPK Activation and MAPK Inhibition. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(11):5901. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23115901

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kim, Jong-Yeon, Eun-Jung Park, and Hae-Jeung Lee. 2022. "Ameliorative Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum HAC01 Lysate on 3T3-L1 Adipocyte Differentiation via AMPK Activation and MAPK Inhibition" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 11: 5901. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23115901

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop