Hybrid Plasticizers Enhance Specificity and Sensitivity of an Electrochemical-Based Sensor for Cadmium Detection
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Screening for the Primary Plasticizer
No. | Plasticizer | Abbr. | Structure | Type | M.W. | Ɛ | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2-fluorophenyl 2-nitrophenyl ether | f-NPE | | Ether | 233.20 | 50.0 | [11] |
2 | 2-Nitrophenyl phenyl ether | NPPE | | Ether | 215.20 | 24.0 | [12] |
3 | 2-Nitrophenyl octyl ether | NPOE | | Ether | 251.32 | 24.0 | [13] |
4 | Tris(2-ethylhexyl) phos-phate | TEHP | | Phosphoric acid ester | 434.64 | 4.8 | [14] |
5 | Dibutyl butylphosphonate | DBBP | | Phosphoric acid ester | 250.31 | 4.6 | [14] |
6 | Dioctyl phthalate | DOP | | Phthalate ester | 390.56 | 5.0 | [14] |
7 | Diheptyl phthalate | DHP | | Phthalate ester | 362.50 | ~4.0–9.0 | [15] |
8 | Diphenyl phthalate | DPP | | Phthalate ester | 318.32 | ~4.0–9.0 | [15] |
9 | Tris(2-ethylhexyl) trimelli-tate | TOTM | | Trimellitate ester | 546.79 | 4.9 | [16] |
10 | Bis(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate | DOS | | Dibasic acid esters | 426.67 | 4.0 | [13] |
2.2. Effects of Hybrid Plasticizers on Cadmium Detection
No. | Hybrid plasticizers (5:1) | Average M.W. | |
---|---|---|---|
Plasticizer A | Plasticizer B | ||
1 | DOS | NPOE | 397.45 |
2 | DOS | NPPE | 391.43 |
3 | DOS | DOP | 420.65 |
4 | DOS | f-NPE | 394.43 |
5 | DOS | DBBP | 397.28 |
6 | DOS | TEHP | 428.00 |
7 | DOS | DPP | 408.61 |
8 | DOS | TOTM | 446.69 |
9 | DOS | DHP | 415.98 |
2.3. Effects of Weight Ratios of Hybrid Plasticizers on Sensor Performance
2.4. Choice of Supporting Electrolytes and pH
2.5. Mechanistic Determination
2.6. Anion Interference
2.7. Specificity and Sensitivity of the Hybrid Plasticizer Sensor
2.8. Determination of Cadmium(II) in Water Samples
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Reagents and Samples
3.2. Surface Cleaning and Membrane Preparation
3.3. Voltammetric Measurement
3.4. Semi-Integral Calculation of the Voltammetric Signals
3.5. Selection of a Primary Plasticizer for the Cadmium Sensor
3.6. Selection of Hybrid Plasticizers for the Cadmium Sensor
3.7. Optimization for Weight Ratios of the Hybrid Plasticizers
3.8. Selection of Supporting Electrolyte (SE) and Influence of pH
3.9. Effect of Scan Rate ()
3.10. Anion Interference
3.11. Specificity and Sensitivity of the Hybrid Plasticizer Sensor
3.12. Determination of Cadmium(II) in Water Samples
3.13. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Electrode | Plasticizer | Ionophore | Response Time (s) | LOD (μM) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Gold | Hybrid plasticizers (DOS:TOTM) | Cd ionophore I | 30 | 0.8 | This work |
2 | Graphite | Benzyl acetate | 1,3-bis(2-cyanobenzene)triazene (L) | 2 | 8.0 | [27] |
3 | Ion selective electrode | DOS | 25,27-bis(ethyl-2-(bis(2- pyridylmethyl)aminomethyl)aniline)-26,28-dihydroxy p-tert-butylcalix[4] arene | 10 | 1.6 | [28] |
4 | Graphite | DOS | 1,13-bis(8-quinolyl)-1,4,7,10,13-pentaoxatridecane | 15 | 8.4 | [29] |
Sample | Spiked Concentration (ppb) | Found Concentration 1 (ppb) | RSD (%) | Recovery (%) | p-Value 2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Milli-Q water | 0 | <LOD | - | - | - |
500 | 498 ± 1.36 | 0.270 | 99.6 | ||
600 | 592 ± 1.17 | 0.200 | 98.7 | - | |
Drinking water | 0 | <LOD | - | - | - |
500 | 497 ± 2.20 | 0.440 | 99.3 | 1.000 | |
600 | 589 ± 2.51 | 0.430 | 98.2 | 0.362 | |
Tap water | 0 | <LOD | - | - | - |
500 | 494 ± 3.47 | 0.700 | 98.7 | 0.231 | |
600 | 588 ± 2.78 | 0.470 | 97.9 | 0.146 |
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Ruangsuj, P.; Wanthongcharoen, S.; Chaisriratanakul, W.; Bunjongpru, W.; Yamprayoonswat, W.; Jeamsaksiri, W.; Jumpathong, W.; Yasawong, M. Hybrid Plasticizers Enhance Specificity and Sensitivity of an Electrochemical-Based Sensor for Cadmium Detection. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 6402. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23126402
Ruangsuj P, Wanthongcharoen S, Chaisriratanakul W, Bunjongpru W, Yamprayoonswat W, Jeamsaksiri W, Jumpathong W, Yasawong M. Hybrid Plasticizers Enhance Specificity and Sensitivity of an Electrochemical-Based Sensor for Cadmium Detection. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(12):6402. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23126402
Chicago/Turabian StyleRuangsuj, Pattarawan, Suwanan Wanthongcharoen, Woraphan Chaisriratanakul, Win Bunjongpru, Wariya Yamprayoonswat, Wutthinan Jeamsaksiri, Watthanachai Jumpathong, and Montri Yasawong. 2022. "Hybrid Plasticizers Enhance Specificity and Sensitivity of an Electrochemical-Based Sensor for Cadmium Detection" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 12: 6402. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23126402