CAR T Cell Therapy in Hematological Malignancies: Implications of the Tumor Microenvironment and Biomarkers on Efficacy and Toxicity

Tan, Jing Yuan; Low, Muhammed Haiqal; Chen, Yunxin; Lim, Francesca Lorraine Wei Inng

doi:10.3390/ijms23136931

Open AccessReview

CAR T Cell Therapy in Hematological Malignancies: Implications of the Tumor Microenvironment and Biomarkers on Efficacy and Toxicity

Department of Hematology, Singapore General Hospital Singapore, Outram Road, Singapore 169608, Singapore

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Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(13), 6931; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23136931

Submission received: 29 May 2022 / Revised: 18 June 2022 / Accepted: 21 June 2022 / Published: 22 June 2022

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cancer Immunotherapy: Tumor Microenvironment, Biomarker Discovery and Immune Resistance)

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Abstract

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has ushered in a new era in cancer treatment. Remarkable outcomes have been demonstrated in patients with previously untreatable relapsed/refractory hematological malignancies. However, optimizing efficacy and reducing the risk of toxicities have posed major challenges, limiting the success of this therapy. The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays an important role in CAR T cell therapy’s effectiveness and the risk of toxicities. Increasing research studies have also identified various biomarkers that can predict its effectiveness and risk of toxicities. In this review, we discuss the various aspects of the TME and biomarkers that have been implicated thus far and discuss the role of creating scoring systems that can aid in further refining clinical applications of CAR T cell therapy and establishing a safe and efficacious personalised medicine for individuals.

Keywords: CAR T; tumor microenvironment; biomarkers; hematological malignancies

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MDPI and ACS Style

Tan, J.Y.; Low, M.H.; Chen, Y.; Lim, F.L.W.I. CAR T Cell Therapy in Hematological Malignancies: Implications of the Tumor Microenvironment and Biomarkers on Efficacy and Toxicity. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 6931. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23136931

AMA Style

Tan JY, Low MH, Chen Y, Lim FLWI. CAR T Cell Therapy in Hematological Malignancies: Implications of the Tumor Microenvironment and Biomarkers on Efficacy and Toxicity. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(13):6931. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23136931

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tan, Jing Yuan, Muhammed Haiqal Low, Yunxin Chen, and Francesca Lorraine Wei Inng Lim. 2022. "CAR T Cell Therapy in Hematological Malignancies: Implications of the Tumor Microenvironment and Biomarkers on Efficacy and Toxicity" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 13: 6931. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23136931

APA Style

Tan, J. Y., Low, M. H., Chen, Y., & Lim, F. L. W. I. (2022). CAR T Cell Therapy in Hematological Malignancies: Implications of the Tumor Microenvironment and Biomarkers on Efficacy and Toxicity. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(13), 6931. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23136931

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CAR T Cell Therapy in Hematological Malignancies: Implications of the Tumor Microenvironment and Biomarkers on Efficacy and Toxicity

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