Nanoparticles Influence Lytic Phage T4-like Performance In Vitro
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Bacterial Host and Bacteriophage
2.2. Chemical Reagents
2.3. Nanoparticle Synthesis
2.3.1. Synthesis of Silica Shell on Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (SiO2-Fe3O4) and Their Functionalization with Titanium Dioxide (SiO2-Fe3O4-TiO2)
2.3.2. Synthesis of Silica Nanospheres (SiO2) and Functionalization with Titanium Dioxide
2.4. Nanoparticle Microscopic Analysis, Zeta Potentials and Stock Suspension Preparation
2.5. Coincubation Assay for Plaque-Forming Ability Determination
2.6. Bacteriophage Lysis of Liquid Culture
2.7. Determination of Phage Eclipse Period
2.8. Microscopic Visualization of Phage–Nanoparticle Interactions
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Nanomaterials Characterization
3.2. Coincubation Assay
3.3. Bacteriophage Lytic Performance
3.4. Phage Eclipse Periods after Nanoparticle Exposure
3.5. Visualization of Phage–Nanoparticle Interaction
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Material Type | Material Abbreviation | Zeta Potential [mV] |
---|---|---|
Silica nanospheres | SiO2 | −51 ± 0.3 |
Meosporous silica nanospheres completed with titanium dioxide | TiO2-SiO2 | −25 ± 0.4 |
Titanium dioxide | TiO2 | 36.5 ± 6 |
Iron oxide nanocubes | Fe3O4 | −1.1 ± 1 |
Iron oxide nanocubes covered with silica shell | Fe3O4-SiO2 | −37.6 ± 0.6 |
Iron oxide nanocubes covered with mesoporous silica shell completed with titanium dioxide | SiO2-Fe3O4-TiO2 | −19.5 ± 0.2 |
Nanomaterial | Concentration [mg/mL] | Zeta Potential [mV] | Phage Plaque-Forming Ability at t = 0 h | Phage Plaque-Forming Ability at t = 60 h | Phage Lytic Performance after 240 min | Phage Progeny Boost Time | Phage Progeny Titer [PFU/mL] | Phage Attachment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SiO2 | 0.5 | −51 ± 0.3 | Visibly reduced | Visibly reduced | Decreased | From 12 min | 2.22 × 107 | Tail |
0.1 | Partial | Partial | Decreased | From 12 min | 2.84 × 107 | |||
0.05 | Partial | Full | Decreased | From 12 min | 2.52 × 107 | |||
SiO2-TiO2 | 0.5 | −25 ± 0.4 | Full | Visibly reduced | Increased | From 10 min | 2.06 × 107 | Nonspecific |
0.1 | Full | Partial | Increased | From 10 min | 1.99 × 107 | |||
0.05 | Full | Full | Increased | From 12 min | 2.06 × 107 | |||
TiO2 | 0.5 | 36.5 ± 6 | Full | Full | Increased | From 12 min | 1.59 × 107 | Head |
0.1 | Partial | Full | Increased | From 12 min | 2.29 × 107 | |||
0.05 | Visibly reduced | Partial | Increased | From 12 min | 2.1 × 107 | |||
Fe3O4 | 0.5 | −1.1 ± 1 | Partial | Full | Increased | From 12 min | 1.7 × 107 | Nonspecific |
0.1 | Partial | Full | Increased | From 12 min | 9.22 × 106 | |||
0.05 | Partial | Full | Increased | From 14 min | 1.94 × 107 | |||
Fe3O4-SiO2 | 0.5 | −37.6 ± 0.6 | Partial | Full | Decreased | From 10 min | 2.79 × 107 | Tail |
0.1 | Partial | Full | Decreased | After 16 min | 2.76 × 106 | |||
0.05 | Partial | Full | Decreased | From 10 min | 3.37 × 107 | |||
Fe3O4-SiO2-TiO2 | 0.5 | −19.5 ± 0.2 | Partial | Full | Increased | From 10 min | 1.91 × 107 | Nonspecific |
0.1 | Full | Full | Increased | From 12 min | 1.24 × 107 | |||
0.05 | Full | Full | Increased | From 12 min | 1.86 × 107 |
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Stachurska, X.; Cendrowski, K.; Pachnowska, K.; Piegat, A.; Mijowska, E.; Nawrotek, P. Nanoparticles Influence Lytic Phage T4-like Performance In Vitro. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 7179. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23137179
Stachurska X, Cendrowski K, Pachnowska K, Piegat A, Mijowska E, Nawrotek P. Nanoparticles Influence Lytic Phage T4-like Performance In Vitro. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(13):7179. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23137179
Chicago/Turabian StyleStachurska, Xymena, Krzysztof Cendrowski, Kamila Pachnowska, Agnieszka Piegat, Ewa Mijowska, and Paweł Nawrotek. 2022. "Nanoparticles Influence Lytic Phage T4-like Performance In Vitro" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 13: 7179. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23137179