A Study of Zn-Ca Nanocomposites and Their Antibacterial Properties
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Chemical Reagents
4.2. Nanomaterial Synthesis
4.3. Sample Characterization
4.4. Antibacterial Activity
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Islam, F.; Shohag, S.; Uddin, M.J.; Islam, M.R.; Nafady, M.H.; Akter, A.; Mitra, S.; Roy, A.; Bin Emran, T.; Cavalu, S. Exploring the Journey of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) toward Biomedical Applications. Materials 2022, 15, 2160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, Y.; Xu, Z.; Guo, Y.; Zhang, H.; Qiu, Y.; Li, J.; Ma, D.; Li, Z.; Zhen, P.; Liu, B.; et al. ScienceDirect Novel core-shell CHX/ACP nanoparticles effectively improve the mechanical, antibacterial and remineralized properties of the dental resin composite. Dent. Mater. 2021, 37, 636–647. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Collares, F.M.; Garcia, I.M.; Klein, M.; Parolo, C.F.; Sánchez, F.A.L.; Takimi, A.; Bergmann, C.P.; Samuel, S.M.W.; Melo, M.A.; Leitune, V.C.B. Exploring Needle-Like Zinc Oxide Nanostructures for Improving Dental Resin Sealers: Design and Evaluation of Antibacterial, Physical and Chemical Properties. Polymers 2020, 12, 789. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Amendola, V.; Amans, D.; Ishikawa, Y.; Koshizaki, N.; Scirè, S.; Compagnini, G.; Reichenberger, S.; Barcikowski, S. Room-Temperature Laser Synthesis in Liquid of Oxide, Metal-Oxide Core-Shells, and Doped Oxide Nanoparticles. Chem.-A Eur. J. 2020, 26, 9206–9242. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Llama-Palacios, A.; Sánchez, M.C.; Díaz, L.A.; Cabal, B.; Suárez, M.; Moya, J.S.; Torrecillas, R.; Figuero, E.; Sanz, M.; Herrera, D. In vitro biofilm formation on different ceramic biomaterial surfaces: Coating with two bactericidal glasses. Dent. Mater. 2019, 35, 883–892. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Klapiszewska, I.; Kubiak, A.; Parus, A.; Janczarek, M.; Ślosarczyk, A. The In Situ Hydrothermal and Microwave Syntheses of Zinc Oxides for Functional Cement Composites. Materials 2022, 15, 1069. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Husain, F.M.; Qais, F.A.; Ahmad, I.; Hakeem, M.J.; Baig, M.H.; Khan, J.M.; Al-Shabib, N.A. Biosynthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Disrupt Established Biofilms of Pathogenic Bacteria. Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 710. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Abdelmigid, H.M.; Hussien, N.A.; Alyamani, A.A.; Morsi, M.M.; Alsufyani, N.M.; Kadi, H.A. Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Pomegranate Fruit Peel and Solid Coffee Grounds vs. Chemical Method of Synthesis, with Their Biocompatibility and Antibacterial Properties Investigation. Molecules 2022, 27, 1236. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Qi, Z.; Cao, H.; Jiang, H.; Zhao, J.; Tang, Z. Combinations of bacterial species associated with symptomatic endodontic infections in a Chinese population. Int. Endod. J. 2016, 49, 17–25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ahmadian, E.; Shahi, S.; Yazdani, J.; Maleki Dizaj, S.; Sharifi, S. Local treatment of the dental caries using nanomaterials. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2018, 108, 443–447. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tülü, G.; Kaya, B.Ü.; Çetin, E.S.; Köle, M. Antibacterial effect of silver nanoparticles mixed with calcium hydroxide or chlorhexidine on multispecies biofilms. Odontology 2021, 109, 802–811. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Song, W.; Ge, S. Application of Antimicrobial Nanoparticles in Dentistry. Molecules 2019, 24, 1033. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Jiang, Y.; Zhang, L.; Wen, D.; Ding, Y. Role of physical and chemical interactions in the antibacterial behavior of ZnO nanoparticles against E. coli. Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl. 2016, 69, 1361–1366. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chinnapaiyan, M.; Selvam, Y.; Bassyouni, F.; Ramu, M.; Sakkaraiveeranan, C.; Samickannian, A.; Govindan, G.; Palaniswamy, M.; Ramamurthy, U.; Abdel-Rehim, M. Nanotechnology, Green Synthesis and Biological Activity Application of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Incorporated Argemone Mxicana Leaf Extract. Molecules 2022, 27, 1545. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chau, N.P.T.; Chung, N.H.; Jeon, J.G. Relationships between the antibacterial activity of sodium hypochlorite and treatment time and biofilm age in early Enterococcus faecalis biofilms. Int. Endod. J. 2015, 48, 782–789. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Keskin, N.B.; Aydın, Z.U.; Uslu, G.; Özyürek, T.; Erdönmez, D.; Gündoğar, M. Antibacterial efficacy of copper-added chitosan nanoparticles: A confocal laser scanning microscopy analysis. Odontology 2021, 109, 868–873. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sena, N.T.; Gomes, B.P.F.A.; Vianna, M.E.; Berber, V.B.; Zaia, A.A.; Ferraz, C.C.R.; Souza-Filho, F.J. In vitro antimicrobial activity of sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine against selected single-species biofilms. Int. Endod. J. 2006, 39, 878–885. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Medina-Palacios, S.E.; Vitales-Noyola, M.; López-González, E.; González-Amaro, A.M.; Méndez-González, V.; Pozos-Guillén, A. Root canal microorganisms and their antibiotic susceptibility in patients with persistent endodontic infections, with and without clinical symptoms. Odontology 2021, 109, 596–604. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sousa, R.P.; Zanin, I.C.J.; Lima, J.P.M.; Vasconcelos, S.M.L.C.; Melo, M.A.S.; Beltrão, H.C.P.; Rodrigues, L.K.A. In situ effects of restorative materials on dental biofilm and enamel demineralisation. J. Dent. 2009, 37, 44–51. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kermanshahi, S.; Santerre, J.P.; Cvitkovitch, D.G.; Finer, Y. Biodegradation of resin-dentin interfaces increases bacterial microleakage. J. Dent. Res. 2010, 89, 996–1001. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, J.F.; Wu, R.; Fan, Y.; Liao, S.; Wang, Y.; Wen, Z.T.; Xu, X. Antibacterial dental composites with chlorhexidine and mesoporous silica. J. Dent. Res. 2014, 93, 1283–1289. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tavassoli Hojati, S.; Alaghemand, H.; Hamze, F.; Ahmadian Babaki, F.; Rajab-Nia, R.; Rezvani, M.B.; Kaviani, M.; Atai, M. Antibacterial, physical and mechanical properties of flowable resin composites containing zinc oxide nanoparticles. Dent. Mater. 2013, 29, 495–505. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bai, X.; Lin, C.; Wang, Y.; Ma, J.; Wang, X.; Yao, X.; Tang, B. Preparation of Zn doped mesoporous silica nanoparticles (Zn-MSNs) for the improvement of mechanical and antibacterial properties of dental resin composites. Dent. Mater. 2020, 36, 794–807. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barcellos, D.C.; Fonseca, B.M.; Pucci, C.R.; Cavalcanti, B.D.N.; Persici, E.D.S.; De Paiva Gonçalves, S.E. Zn-doped etch-and-rinse model dentin adhesives: Dentin bond integrity, biocompatibility, and properties. Dent. Mater. 2016, 32, 940–950. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Balamurugan, A.; Balossier, G.; Laurent-Maquin, D.; Pina, S.; Rebelo, A.H.S.; Faure, J.; Ferreira, J.M.F. An in vitro biological and anti-bacterial study on a sol-gel derived silver-incorporated bioglass system. Dent. Mater. 2008, 24, 1343–1351. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lynch, E.; Brauer, D.S.; Karpukhina, N.; Gillam, D.G.; Hill, R.G. Multi-component bioactive glasses of varying fluoride content for treating dentin hypersensitivity. Dent. Mater. 2012, 28, 168–178. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Precious Ayanwale, A.; Reyes-López, S.Y. ZrO2-ZnO Nanoparticles as Antibacterial Agents. ACS Omega 2019, 4, 19216–19224. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mahdhi, H.; Djessas, K.; Ben Ayadi, Z. Synthesis and characteristics of Ca-doped ZnO thin films by rf magnetron sputtering at low temperature. Mater. Lett. 2018, 214, 10–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kulkarni, D.R.; Malode, S.J.; Keerthi Prabhu, K.; Ayachit, N.H.; Kulkarni, R.M.; Shetti, N.P. Development of a novel nanosensor using Ca-doped ZnO for antihistamine drug. Mater. Chem. Phys. 2020, 246, 122791. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Omri, K.; Alyamani, A.; El Mir, L. Surface morphology, microstructure and electrical properties of Ca-doped ZnO thin films. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 2019, 30, 16606–16612. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Istrate, A.I.; Nastase, F.; Mihalache, I.; Comanescu, F.; Gavrila, R.; Tutunaru, O.; Romanitan, C.; Tucureanu, V.; Nedelcu, M.; Müller, R. Synthesis and characterization of Ca doped ZnO thin films by sol–gel method. J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol. 2019, 92, 585–597. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bembibre, A.; Benamara, M.; Hjiri, M.; Gómez, E.; Alamri, H.R.; Dhahri, R.; Serrà, A. Visible-light driven sonophotocatalytic removal of tetracycline using Ca-doped ZnO nanoparticles. Chem. Eng. J. 2022, 427, 132006. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Limón-rocha, I.; Guzmán-gonzález, C.A.; Anaya-esparza, L.M.; Romero-toledo, R.; Rico, J.L.; González-vargas, O.A.; Pérez-larios, A. Effect of the Precursor on the Synthesis of ZnO and Its Photocatalytic Activity. Inorganics 2022, 10, 16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- TiO, A.; Marizcal-Barba, A.; Limón-Rocha, I.; Barrera, A.; Eduardo Casillas, J.; González-Vargas, O.A.; Luis Rico, J.; Martinez-Gómez, C.; Pérez-Larios, A. TiO2-La2O3 as Photocatalysts in the Degradation of Naproxen. Inorganics 2022, 10, 67. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Saravanan, R.; Gupta, V.K.; Narayanan, V.; Stephen, A. Comparative study on photocatalytic activity of ZnO prepared by different methods. J. Mol. Liq. 2013, 181, 133–141. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Suresh, J.; Pradheesh, G.; Alexramani, V.; Sundrarajan, M.; Hong, S.I. Green synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticle using insulin plant (Costus pictus D. Don) and investigation of its antimicrobial as well as anticancer activities. Adv. Nat. Sci. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 015008. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pérez-Larios, A.; Hernández-Gordillo, A.; Morales-Mendoza, G.; Lartundo-Rojas, L.; Mantilla, Á.; Gómez, R. Enhancing the H2 evolution from water–methanol solution using Mn2+–Mn+3–Mn4+ redox species of Mn-doped TiO2 sol–gel photocatalysts. Catal. Today 2016, 266, 9–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pérez-Larios, A.; Torres-Ramos, I.; Zanella, R.; Rico, J.L. Ti-Co mixed oxide as photocatalysts in the generation of hydrogen from water. Int. J. Chem. React. Eng. 2022, 20, 129–140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pérez-Larios, A.; Rico, J.L.; Anaya-Esparza, L.M.; Vargas, O.A.G.; González-Silva, N.; Gómez, R. Hydrogen Production from Aqueous Methanol Solutions Using Ti–Zr Mixed Oxides as Photocatalysts under UV Irradiation. Catalysts 2019, 9, 938. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Pérez-Larios, A.; Lopez, R.; Hernández-Gordillo, A.; Tzompantzi, F.; Gómez, R.; Torres-Guerra, L.M. Improved hydrogen production from water splitting using TiO2–ZnO mixed oxides photocatalysts. Fuel 2012, 100, 139–143. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Anaya-Esparza, L.; Montalvo-González, E.; González-Silva, N.; Méndez-Robles, M.; Romero-Toledo, R.; Yahia, E.; Pérez-Larios, A. Synthesis and Characterization of TiO2-ZnO-MgO Mixed Oxide and Their Antibacterial Activity. Materials 2019, 12, 698. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hasabeldaim, E.; Ntwaeaborwa, O.M.; Kroon, R.E.; Swart, H.C. Structural, optical and photoluminescence properties of Eu doped ZnO thin films prepared by spin coating. J. Mol. Struct. 2019, 1192, 105–114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lavat, A.E.; Wagner, C.C.; Tasca, J.E. Interaction of Co–ZnO pigments with ceramic frits: A combined study by XRD, FTIR and UV–visible. Ceram. Int. 2008, 34, 2147–2153. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jayarambabu, N.; Siva Kumari, B.; Venkateswara Rao, K.; Prabhu, Y. Germination and Growth Characteristics of Mungbean Seeds (Vigna radiata L.) affected by Synthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Phytochemical screening and evaluation of in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the indigenous medicinal plant Albizia odoratissima View project Germination and Growth Characteristics of Mungbean Seeds (Vigna radiata L.) affected by Synthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles. Res. Artic. Int. J. Curr. Eng. Technol. 2014, 4, 5. [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, D.; Du, C.; Chen, J.; Shi, Q.; Wang, Q.; Li, S.; Wang, W.; Yan, X.; Fan, Q. Improvement of structural and optical properties of ZnAl2O4:Cr3+ ceramics with surface modification by using various concentrations of zinc acetate. J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol. 2018, 88, 422–429. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liang, Y.C.; Wang, C.C. Surface crystal feature-dependent photoactivity of ZnO–ZnS composite rods via hydrothermal sulfidation. RSC Adv. 2018, 8, 5063–5070. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Xu, M.; Pan, G.; Cao, Y.; Guo, Y.; Chen, H.; Wang, Y.; Wu, Y. Surface analysis of stearic acid modification for improving thermal resistant of calcium phosphate coated iron oxide yellow pigments. Surf. Interface Anal. 2020, 52, 626–634. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, Y.Z.; Wei, Q.P.; Zhou, J.; Li, M.J.; Zhang, Q.; Li, X.L.; Zhou, B.B.; Zhang, J.K. Nano-Sized Antioxidative Trimetallic Complex Based on Maillard Reaction Improves the Mineral Nutrients of Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). Front. Nutr. 2022, 9, 564. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Qu, G.; Fan, G.; Zhou, M.; Rong, X.; Li, T.; Zhang, R.; Sun, J.; Chen, D. Graphene-Modified ZnO Nanostructures for Low-Temperature NO2 Sensing. ACS Omega 2019, 4, 4221–4232. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sirelkhatim, A.; Mahmud, S.; Seeni, A.; Kaus, N.H.M.; Ann, L.C.; Bakhori, S.K.M.; Hasan, H.; Mohamad, D. Review on zinc oxide nanoparticles: Antibacterial activity and toxicity mechanism. Nano-Micro Lett. 2015, 7, 219–242. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Goldschmidt, G.M.; Krok-Borkowicz, M.; Zybała, R.; Pamuła, E.; Telle, R.; Conrads, G.; Schickle, K. Biomimetic in situ precipitation of calcium phosphate containing silver nanoparticles on zirconia ceramic materials for surface functionalization in terms of antimicrobial and osteoconductive properties. Dent. Mater. 2021, 37, 10–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Appierot, G.; Lipovsky, A.; Dror, R.; Perkas, N.; Nitzan, Y.; Lubart, R.; Gedanken, A. Enhanced Antibacterial Activity of Nanocrystalline ZnO Due to Increased ROS-Mediated Cell Injury. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2009, 19, 842–852. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, X.; Chen, D.; Yi, Z.; Jiang, M.; Wang, L.; Zhou, Z.; Fan, X.; Wang, Y.; Hui, D. Antimicrobial mechanism based on H2O2 generation at oxygen vacancies in ZnO crystals. Langmuir 2013, 29, 5573–5580. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, I.; Viswanathan, K.; Kasi, G.; Sadeghi, K.; Thanakkasaranee, S.; Seo, J. Poly(Lactic Acid)/ZnO Bionanocomposite Films with Positively Charged ZnO as Potential Antimicrobial Food Packaging Materials. Polymers 2019, 11, 1427. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Janaki, A.C.; Sailatha, E.; Gunasekaran, S. Synthesis, characteristics and antimicrobial activity of ZnO nanoparticles. Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 2015, 144, 17–22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gupta, M.; Tomar, R.S.; Kaushik, S.; Mishra, R.K.; Sharma, D. Effective antimicrobial activity of green ZnO nano particles of Catharanthus roseus. Front. Microbiol. 2018, 9, 2030. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Verduzco-Navarro, I.P.; Mendizábal, E.; Mayorga, J.A.R.; Rentería-Urquiza, M.; Gonzalez-Alvarez, A.; Rios-Donato, N. Arsenate Removal from Aqueous Media Using Chitosan-Magnetite Hydrogel by Batch and Fixed-Bed Columns. Gels 2022, 8, 186. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Material | Eg (eV) | Lattice Parameters | Crystallite Size (nm) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
a = b (Å) | c (Å) | |||
ZnO | 3.03 | 3.2477 | 5.2035 | 42.13 |
Zn-Ca 1 | 2.99 | 3.2476 | 5.2024 | 47.93 |
Zn-Ca 3 | 3.04 | 3.2511 | 5.2059 | 52.82 |
Zn-Ca 5 | 3.01 | 3.2482 | 5.2041 | 34.61 |
Treatment | Concentration (μg/mL) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control (+) | 100 | 200 | 300 | 400 | 500 | |
E. coli ATCC 8739 | ||||||
ZnO | 19.3 | 6.33 | 7.33 | 7.33 | 7.67 | 8.67 |
Zn-Ca 1% | 18.3 | 6.63 | 6.67 | 6.67 | 7.33 | 8.33 |
Zn-Ca 3% | 18.6 | 8.33 | 8.67 | 11.33 | 12 | 13.67 |
Zn-Ca 5% | 17.5 | 10 | 10 | 13 | 13.33 | 14.67 |
E. faecalis ATCC 19433 | ||||||
ZnO | 23.6 | 8.33 | 10 | 10.67 | 14.33 | 15.33 |
Zn-Ca 1% | 22.6 | 6.33 | 9 | 9 | 9.33 | 10.67 |
Zn-Ca 3% | 23.5 | 11 | 12.33 | 13.7 | 16.33 | 17.67 |
Zn-Ca 5% | 22 | 11.33 | 14 | 15.67 | 16.33 | 18.67 |
S. Aureus ATCC 33862 | ||||||
ZnO | 23.8 | 13.5 | 14.3 | 15 | 16.3 | 17.6 |
Zn-Ca 1% | 25 | 15 | 15.3 | 17 | 19.5 | 20 |
Zn-Ca 3% | 25.3 | 19 | 19.6 | 23 | 24.5 | 31.5 |
Zn-Ca 5% | 22.4 | 20 | 20.6 | 22.6 | 25 | 25.6 |
S. mutans ATCC 25175 | ||||||
ZnO | 25.5 | 14.5 | 17 | 18 | 19.5 | 20.5 |
Zn-Ca 1% | 25 | 15.5 | 16 | 18 | 19.5 | 20 |
Zn-Ca 3% | 25.5 | 19 | 21 | 22.5 | 23.5 | 24.5 |
Zn-Ca 5% | 26.5 | 16.5 | 17 | 19.5 | 21 | 23.5 |
A. odontolyticus ATCC 17929 | ||||||
ZnO | 26.4 | 14.5 | 17.5 | 20 | 22 | 24.5 |
Zn-Ca 1% | 25.6 | 15 | 18 | 24 | 25 | 27 |
Zn-Ca 3% | 26 | 25 | 28 | 30 | 31 | 31.3 |
Zn-Ca 5% | 27.3 | 20 | 27 | 30 | 32 | 35 |
V. párvula ATCC 10790 | ||||||
ZnO | 17.3 | 9.2 | 9.6 | 10.3 | 10.9 | 11.4 |
Zn-Ca 1% | 17.9 | 10.3 | 10.6 | 10.8 | 11.3 | 11.6 |
Zn-Ca 3% | 17 | 11.4 | 11.9 | 12.5 | 12.7 | 12.9 |
Zn-Ca 5% | 18.2 | 12.3 | 12.8 | 13.0 | 13.4 | 13.7 |
F. nucleatum ATCC 25586 | ||||||
ZnO | 17.6 | 10.3 | 10.7 | 11.2 | 11.8 | 12.3 |
Zn-Ca 1% | 18.4 | 10.5 | 10.9 | 11.6 | 12.0 | 12.7 |
Zn-Ca 3% | 18 | 12.6 | 12.95 | 13.4 | 13.7 | 14.1 |
Zn-Ca 5% | 17.3 | 13.3 | 13.8 | 14.2 | 14.6 | 14.9 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Torres-Ramos, M.I.; Martín-Camacho, U.J.; González, J.L.; Yañez-Acosta, M.F.; Becerra-Solano, L.; Gutiérrez-Mercado, Y.K.; Macias-Carballo, M.; Gómez, C.M.; González-Vargas, O.A.; Rivera-Mayorga, J.A.; et al. A Study of Zn-Ca Nanocomposites and Their Antibacterial Properties. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 7258. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23137258
Torres-Ramos MI, Martín-Camacho UJ, González JL, Yañez-Acosta MF, Becerra-Solano L, Gutiérrez-Mercado YK, Macias-Carballo M, Gómez CM, González-Vargas OA, Rivera-Mayorga JA, et al. A Study of Zn-Ca Nanocomposites and Their Antibacterial Properties. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(13):7258. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23137258
Chicago/Turabian StyleTorres-Ramos, M. I., U. J. Martín-Camacho, J. L. González, M. F. Yañez-Acosta, L. Becerra-Solano, Y. K. Gutiérrez-Mercado, M. Macias-Carballo, Claudia M. Gómez, O. A. González-Vargas, J. A. Rivera-Mayorga, and et al. 2022. "A Study of Zn-Ca Nanocomposites and Their Antibacterial Properties" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 13: 7258. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23137258