Dietary Glucose Ameliorates Impaired Intestinal Development and Immune Homeostasis Disorders Induced by Chronic Cold Stress in Pig Model
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Chronic Cold Stress Disrupts Intestinal Development, Intestinal Permeability, Physical Barriers and Intestinal Function in Pigs
2.2. Chronic Cold Stress Increases the Risk of Inflammation in the Small Intestinal Mucosa of Pigs
2.3. Chronic Cold Stress Induces Small Intestinal Mucosal Injury by Modulating TLR4/MyD88 Signaling Pathway
2.4. Chronic Cold Stress Induces Small Intestinal Mucosal Injury by Modulating TLR4/MyD88 Signaling Pathway
2.5. Glucose Supplemented Diet Can Appropriately Alleviate Intestinal Injury Caused by Chronic Cold Stress
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Animals
4.1.1. Chronic Cold Stress Experiment
4.1.2. Glucose Supplementation in the Diet of Chronic Cold Stress Pigs Experiment
4.2. Collection of Experimental Samples
4.3. Measurement of Intestinal Morphology
4.4. Intestinal Permeability Markers
4.5. Detection of Intestinal Inflammation and Immune Factors
4.6. Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis
4.7. Western Blot Analysis
4.8. Image Analysis and Data Statistics
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Basic Diet Ingredients | Content (%) |
---|---|
Corn | 73.00 |
Soybean meal, de-hulled | 15.30 |
Full-fat soybean meal, puffed | 5.00 |
Fish meal | 2.00 |
Soybean oil | 1.00 |
L-Lysine | 0.39 |
DL-Methionine | 0.04 |
L-Threonine | 0.12 |
L-Tryptophan | 0.02 |
Calcium hydrogen phosphate | 1.19 |
Limestone | 0.66 |
Salt | 0.28 |
Premix A | 1.00 |
Nutrient levels B | |
NE (Mcal/kg) | 2.50 |
Crude protein | 16.03 |
Lysine | 0.98 |
Methionine | 0.29 |
Threonine | 0.60 |
Leucine | 0.17 |
Calcium | 0.66 |
Total phosphorus | 0.56 |
Available phosphorus | 0.33 |
Sodium | 0.14 |
Chlorine | 0.19 |
Basic Diet Ingredients | Content (%) |
---|---|
Corn | 60.68 |
Soybean meal, de-hulled | 17.53 |
Full-fat soybean meal, puffed | 5.00 |
Fish meal | 2.00 |
Glucose | 10.00 |
Soybean oil | 1.00 |
L-Lysine | 0.35 |
DL-Methionine | 0.05 |
L-Threonine | 0.11 |
L-Tryptophan | 0.01 |
Calcium hydrogen phosphate | 1.25 |
Limestone | 0.62 |
Salt | 0.40 |
Premix A | 1.00 |
Nutrient levels B | |
NE (Mcal/kg) | 2.63 |
Crude protein | 16.03 |
Lysine | 0.98 |
Methionine | 0.29 |
Threonine | 0.60 |
Leucine | 0.17 |
Calcium | 0.66 |
Total phosphorus | 0.56 |
Available phosphorus | 0.34 |
Sodium | 0.19 |
Chlorine | 0.26 |
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Sun, G.; Song, X.; Zou, Y.; Teng, T.; Jiang, L.; Shi, B. Dietary Glucose Ameliorates Impaired Intestinal Development and Immune Homeostasis Disorders Induced by Chronic Cold Stress in Pig Model. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 7730. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23147730
Sun G, Song X, Zou Y, Teng T, Jiang L, Shi B. Dietary Glucose Ameliorates Impaired Intestinal Development and Immune Homeostasis Disorders Induced by Chronic Cold Stress in Pig Model. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(14):7730. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23147730
Chicago/Turabian StyleSun, Guodong, Xin Song, Yingbin Zou, Teng Teng, Lin Jiang, and Baoming Shi. 2022. "Dietary Glucose Ameliorates Impaired Intestinal Development and Immune Homeostasis Disorders Induced by Chronic Cold Stress in Pig Model" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 14: 7730. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23147730