Cranial Base Synchondrosis: Chondrocytes at the Hub
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Overview of the Cranial Base Morphology
2.1. Developmental Origins of the Chondrocranium
2.2. Development and Growth of the Cranial Base and Its Synchondroses
2.3. Craniofacial Anomalies Associated with Cranial Base Malformation
3. Molecular Regulation of the Cranial Base
3.1. Role of Parathyroid Hormone Related Protein in Synchondrosis Organization
3.2. Indian Hedgehog Is a Critical Regulator of Cranial Base Development
3.3. Primary Cilia EVC/EVC2 as a Regulator of Cranial Base through Hedgehog Modulation
3.4. Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 3 Regulates Proliferation of Synchondrosis Chondrocytes
3.5. Discoidin Domain Receptors Play Critical Roles in the Organization and Maintenance of Cranial Base Synchondrosis Chondrocytes
3.6. Bone Morphogenic Proteins Are Expressed in the Cranial Base Synchondroses
3.7. Canonical and Non-Canonical Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling in Synchondrosis Formation
3.8. Runt Related Transcription Factor 2 Is a Novel Regulator of Cranial Base Development
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Hallett, S.A.; Ono, W.; Franceschi, R.T.; Ono, N. Cranial Base Synchondrosis: Chondrocytes at the Hub. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 7817. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23147817
Hallett SA, Ono W, Franceschi RT, Ono N. Cranial Base Synchondrosis: Chondrocytes at the Hub. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(14):7817. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23147817
Chicago/Turabian StyleHallett, Shawn A., Wanida Ono, Renny T. Franceschi, and Noriaki Ono. 2022. "Cranial Base Synchondrosis: Chondrocytes at the Hub" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 14: 7817. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23147817