Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Neutral Sphingomyelinase 2 in the Release of Exosomes and Vascular Calcification
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells in Vascular Calcification
3. Extracellular Vesicles: Nomenclature, Structure and Biogenesis
4. Neutral Sphingomyelinase 2: Structure and Function in Exosome Release
5. Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cell Type | Exosome Verification Method | Method to Demonstrate Role of nSMase2 | Examined Cargo of the Exosomes | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Oli-neu | TEM | GW4869, spiroepoxide, siRNA | ProteoLipid Protein | [60] |
HEK293 | WB (CD63) | GW4869, siRNA, overexpression | miR-16, miR-146a | [88] |
Neuro2A | TEM, WB (Alix, Tsg101) | GW4869, siRNA | pro-Aβ fibrillogenesis activity | [89] |
THP-1 | TEM, WB (CD63) | GW4869, spiroepoxide, shRNA | anti-viral activity | [90] |
MDA-MB-231 | SEM, WB (CD63) | GW4869, overexpression | miR-106 | [91] |
Primary human VSMCs | NTA, WB (CD9, CD63) | GW4869, spiroepoxide, siRNA | pro-calcifying activity | [16] |
Primary murine microglia | IEM (Tsg101) | GW4869, siRNA | Tau46 | [92] |
GT1-7 | TEM, WB (Tsg101, Flotillin-1) | GW4869, RNAi | Prion protein | [93] |
Primary human cardiosphere-derived cells | TEM, NTA, WB (CD63, HSP70) | siRNA | pro-angiogenic and pro-survival activity | [94] |
Primary mouse astrocytes | TNA, WB (Alix, Tsg101) | m-nSMase2fro/fro | Aβ oligomers | [95] |
SKBR3 | TEM, NTA, WB (Alix, Tsg101, CD81) | GW4869, siRNA | Hsc70 | [96] |
PC3 | TEM, NTA, WB (CD63) | CRISPR/Cas9 | PD-L1 | [87] |
TIG-3 | TEM, NTA | siRNA, overexpression | none studied | [97] |
HEK293T | TEM, WB (Alix, Tsg101, CD9) | GW4869, shRNA | LC3-II, SAFP, HNRNPK | [62] |
Hela | NTA, WB (Alix, CD63, CD81, syntenin) | GW4869, siRNA | V-ATPase transmembrane subunit | [55] |
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Pavlic, A.; Bahram Sangani, N.; Kerins, J.; Nicolaes, G.; Schurgers, L.; Reutelingsperger, C. Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Neutral Sphingomyelinase 2 in the Release of Exosomes and Vascular Calcification. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 9178. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23169178
Pavlic A, Bahram Sangani N, Kerins J, Nicolaes G, Schurgers L, Reutelingsperger C. Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Neutral Sphingomyelinase 2 in the Release of Exosomes and Vascular Calcification. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(16):9178. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23169178
Chicago/Turabian StylePavlic, Angelina, Nasim Bahram Sangani, Johanna Kerins, Gerry Nicolaes, Leon Schurgers, and Chris Reutelingsperger. 2022. "Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Neutral Sphingomyelinase 2 in the Release of Exosomes and Vascular Calcification" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 16: 9178. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23169178