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Article

Identification and Characterization of Malate Dehydrogenases in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

by
Muhammad Imran
1,2,†,
Muhammad Zeeshan Munir
3,†,
Sara Ialhi
4,
Farhat Abbas
1,
Muhammad Younus
5,
Sajjad Ahmad
6,
Muhmmad Kashif Naeem
7,
Muhammad Waseem
1,
Arshad Iqbal
8,
Sanober Gul
9,
Emilie Widemann
10 and
Sarfraz Shafiq
2,11,*
1
State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou 510642, China
2
School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
3
School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, 2199 Lishui Rd., Shenzhen 518055, China
4
Department of Economics, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore 35200, Pakistan
5
Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
6
Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan
7
National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology (NIGAB), National Agricultural Research Center (NARC), Park Road, Islamabad 45500, Pakistan
8
Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Mingora 19200, Pakistan
9
Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan 32200, Pakistan
10
Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
11
Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, ON N6A5B8, Canada
 
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*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(17), 10028; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231710028
Submission received: 27 May 2022 / Revised: 20 August 2022 / Accepted: 25 August 2022 / Published: 2 September 2022
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Plant Sciences)
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Abstract

Malate dehydrogenase, which facilitates the reversible conversion of malate to oxaloacetate, is essential for energy balance, plant growth, and cold and salt tolerance. However, the genome-wide study of the MDH family has not yet been carried out in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). In this study, 12 MDH genes were identified from the S. lycopersicum genome and renamed according to their chromosomal location. The tomato MDH genes were split into five groups based on phylogenetic analysis and the genes that clustered together showed similar lengths, and structures, and conserved motifs in the encoded proteins. From the 12 tomato MDH genes on the chromosomes, three pairs of segmental duplication events involving four genes were found. Each pair of genes had a Ka/Ks ratio < 1, indicating that the MDH gene family of tomato was purified during evolution. Gene expression analysis exhibited that tomato MDHs were differentially expressed in different tissues, at various stages of fruit development, and differentially regulated in response to abiotic stresses. Molecular docking of four highly expressed MDHs revealed their substrate and co-factor specificity in the reversible conversion process of malate to oxaloacetate. Further, co-localization of tomato MDH genes with quantitative trait loci (QTL) of salt stress-related phenotypes revealed their broader functions in salt stress tolerance. This study lays the foundation for functional analysis of MDH genes and genetic improvement in tomato.
Keywords: malate dehydrogenase; genome analysis; QTL mapping; molecular docking; gene expression; salt stress; abiotic stress; tomato malate dehydrogenase; genome analysis; QTL mapping; molecular docking; gene expression; salt stress; abiotic stress; tomato

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Imran, M.; Munir, M.Z.; Ialhi, S.; Abbas, F.; Younus, M.; Ahmad, S.; Naeem, M.K.; Waseem, M.; Iqbal, A.; Gul, S.; et al. Identification and Characterization of Malate Dehydrogenases in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 10028. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231710028

AMA Style

Imran M, Munir MZ, Ialhi S, Abbas F, Younus M, Ahmad S, Naeem MK, Waseem M, Iqbal A, Gul S, et al. Identification and Characterization of Malate Dehydrogenases in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(17):10028. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231710028

Chicago/Turabian Style

Imran, Muhammad, Muhammad Zeeshan Munir, Sara Ialhi, Farhat Abbas, Muhammad Younus, Sajjad Ahmad, Muhmmad Kashif Naeem, Muhammad Waseem, Arshad Iqbal, Sanober Gul, and et al. 2022. "Identification and Characterization of Malate Dehydrogenases in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 17: 10028. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231710028

APA Style

Imran, M., Munir, M. Z., Ialhi, S., Abbas, F., Younus, M., Ahmad, S., Naeem, M. K., Waseem, M., Iqbal, A., Gul, S., Widemann, E., & Shafiq, S. (2022). Identification and Characterization of Malate Dehydrogenases in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(17), 10028. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231710028

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