Inflammatory Biomarkers in Exhaled Breath Condensate: A Systematic Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Selection
2.2. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
2.3. Data Extraction
2.4. Quality Assessment
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Qualitative Synthesis
3.2. Study and Participant Characteristics
3.3. Inflammation Biomarkers in EBC
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
PubMed | |
---|---|
1 | “Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha” [Mesh] |
2 | “tumor necrosis factor-alpha” [tiab] OR “tumor necrosis factor-a” [tiab] OR “TNF-alpha” [tiab] OR TNFalpha [tiab] OR TNF-a [tiab] OR TNFa [tiab] OR “tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha” [tiab] |
3 | “C-Reactive Protein” [Mesh] |
4 | “C-Reactive Protein” [tiab] OR CRP [tiab] |
5 | “Cytokines” [MESH:noexp] |
6 | “Interleukins” [MESH:noexp] |
7 | cytokines [tiab] OR interleukins [tiab] |
8 | “Interleukin-1” [Mesh] |
9 | “interleukin-1beta” [tiab] OR “interleukin-1 beta” [tiab] OR “interleukin-1 b” [tiab] OR “interleukin-1b” [tiab] OR “IL-1beta” [tiab] OR “IL-1 beta” [tiab] OR “IL1beta” [tiab] OR “IL1 beta” [tiab] OR “IL-1b” [tiab] OR “IL-1 b” [tiab] OR “IL1b” [tiab] OR “IL1 b” [tiab] OR “interleukin (IL)-1beta” [tiab] OR “interleukin (IL)-1 beta” [tiab] |
10 | “Interleukin-4” [Mesh] |
11 | “interleukin-4” [tiab] OR “IL-4” [tiab] OR IL4 [tiab] OR “interleukin (IL)-4” [tiab] |
12 | “Interleukin-6” [Mesh] |
13 | “interleukin-6” [tiab] OR “IL-6” [tiab] OR IL6 [tiab] OR “interleukin (IL)-6” [tiab] |
14 | “Interleukin-8” [Mesh] |
15 | “interleukin-8” [tiab] OR “IL-8” [tiab] OR IL8 [tiab] OR “interleukin (IL)-8” [tiab] |
16 | “Interleukin-10” [Mesh] |
17 | “interleukin-10” [tiab] OR “IL-10” [tiab] OR IL10 [tiab] OR “interleukin (IL)-10” [tiab] |
18 | #1 OR #2 OR #3 OR #4 OR #5 OR #6 OR #7 OR #8 OR #9 OR #10 OR #11 OR #12 OR #13 OR #14 OR #15 OR #16 OR #17 |
19 | “exhaled breath condensate *” [tiab] OR EBC [tiab] OR EBCs [tiab] OR “exhaled breath” [tiab] OR “breath condensate *” [tiab] |
20 | “Breath Tests” [Mesh] |
21 | “Exhalation” [Mesh] |
22 | #19 OR #20 OR #21 |
23 | #18 AND #22 |
24 | “Animals” [Mesh] |
25 | “Humans” [Mesh] |
26 | #24 NOT #25 |
27 | #23 NOT #26 |
28 | “Adolescent” [Mesh] |
29 | “Child” [Mesh] |
30 | “Infant” [Mesh] |
31 | #28 OR #29 OR #30 |
32 | “Adult” [Mesh] |
33 | #31 NOT #32 |
34 | #27 NOT #33 |
Embase | |
1 | ‘tumor necrosis factor’/exp |
2 | ‘tumor necrosis factor-alpha’:ti,ab,kw OR ‘tumor necrosis factor-a’:ti,ab,kw OR ‘TNF-alpha’:ti,ab,kw OR TNFalpha:ti,ab,kw OR TNF-a:ti,ab,kw OR TNFa:ti,ab,kw OR ‘tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha’:ti,ab,kw |
3 | ‘C reactive protein’/exp |
4 | ‘C-Reactive Protein’:ti,ab,kw OR CRP:ti,ab,kw |
5 | ‘cytokine’/de |
6 | ‘interleukin derivative’/de |
7 | cytokines:ti,ab,kw OR interleukins:ti,ab,kw |
8 | ‘interleukin 1’/exp |
9 | ‘interleukin-1beta’:ti,ab,kw OR ‘interleukin-1 beta’:ti,ab,kw OR ‘interleukin-1 b’:ti,ab,kw OR ‘interleukin-1b’:ti,ab,kw OR ‘IL-1beta’:ti,ab,kw OR ‘IL-1 beta’:ti,ab,kw OR ‘IL1beta’:ti,ab,kw OR ‘IL1 beta’:ti,ab,kw OR ‘IL-1b’:ti,ab,kw OR ‘IL-1 b’:ti,ab,kw OR ‘IL1b’:ti,ab,kw OR ‘IL1 b’:ti,ab,kw OR ‘interleukin (IL)-1beta’:ti,ab,kw OR ‘interleukin (IL)-1 beta’:ti,ab,kw |
10 | ‘interleukin 4’/exp |
11 | ‘interleukin-4′:ti,ab,kw OR ‘IL-4′:ti,ab,kw OR ‘IL4′:ti,ab,kw OR ‘interleukin (IL)-4′:ti,ab,kw |
12 | ‘interleukin 6’/exp |
13 | ‘interleukin-6′:ti,ab,kw OR ‘IL-6′:ti,ab,kw OR ‘IL6′:ti,ab,kw OR ‘interleukin (IL)-6′:ti,ab,kw |
14 | ‘interleukin 8’/exp |
15 | ‘interleukin-8′:ti,ab,kw OR ‘IL-8′:ti,ab,kw OR ‘IL8′:ti,ab,kw OR ‘interleukin (IL)-8′:ti,ab,kw |
16 | ‘interleukin 10’/exp |
17 | ‘interleukin-10′:ti,ab,kw OR ‘IL-10′:ti,ab,kw OR ‘IL10′:ti,ab,kw OR ‘interleukin (IL)-10′:ti,ab,kw |
18 | #1 OR #2 OR #3 OR #4 OR #5 OR #6 OR #7 OR #8 OR #9 OR #10 OR #11 OR #12 OR #13 OR #14 OR #15 OR #16 OR #17 |
19 | ‘exhaled breath condensate’/exp |
20 | ‘exhaled breath condensate *’:ti,ab,kw OR EBC:ti,ab,kw OR EBCs:ti,ab,kw OR ‘exhaled breath’:ti,ab,kw OR ‘breath condensate *’:ti,ab,kw |
21 | ‘breath analysis’/exp |
22 | ‘exhalation’/exp |
23 | #19 OR #20 OR #21 OR #22 |
24 | #18 AND #23 |
25 | ‘animal’/de |
26 | ‘animal experiment’/exp |
27 | ‘nonhuman’/de |
28 | #25 OR #26 OR #27 |
29 | ‘human’/de |
30 | #28 NOT #29 |
31 | #23 NOT #30 |
32 | ‘adolescent’/exp |
33 | ‘child’/exp |
34 | #32 OR #33 |
35 | ‘adult’/exp |
36 | #34 NOT #35 |
37 | #31 NOT #36 |
Cochrane CENTRAL | |
#1 | MeSH descriptor: [Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha] explode all trees |
#2 | (“tumor necrosis factor-alpha” OR “tumor necrosis factor-a” OR “TNF-alpha” OR TNFalpha OR TNF-a OR TNFa):ti,ab,kw |
#3 | MeSH descriptor: [C-Reactive Protein] explode all trees |
#4 | (“C-Reactive Protein” OR CRP):ti,ab,kw |
#5 | MeSH descriptor: [Cytokines] this term only |
#6 | MeSH descriptor: [Interleukins] this term only |
#7 | (cytokines OR interleukins):ti,ab,kw |
#8 | MeSH descriptor: [Interleukin-1] explode all trees |
#9 | (“interleukin-1beta” OR “interleukin-1 beta” OR “interleukin-1 b” OR “interleukin-1b” OR “IL-1beta” OR “IL-1 beta” OR “IL1beta” OR “IL1 beta” OR “IL-1b” OR “IL-1 b” OR “IL1b” OR “IL1 b”):ti,ab,kw |
#10 | MeSH descriptor: [Interleukin-4] explode all trees |
#11 | (“interleukin-4” OR “IL-4” OR IL4):ti,ab,kw |
#12 | MeSH descriptor: [Interleukin-6] explode all trees |
#13 | (“interleukin-6” OR “IL-6” OR IL6):ti,ab,kw |
#14 | MeSH descriptor: [Interleukin-8] explode all trees |
#15 | (“interleukin-8” OR “IL-8” OR IL8):ti,ab,kw |
#16 | MeSH descriptor: [Interleukin-10] explode all trees |
#17 | (“interleukin-10” OR “IL-10” OR IL10):ti,ab,kw |
#18 | #1 OR #2 OR #3 OR #4 OR #5 OR #6 OR #7 OR #8 OR #9 OR #10 OR #11 OR #12 OR #13 OR #14 OR #15 OR #16 OR #17 |
#19 | (“exhaled breath condensate *” OR EBC OR EBCs OR “exhaled breath” OR “breath condensate *”):ti,ab,kw |
#20 | MeSH descriptor: [Breath Tests] explode all trees |
#21 | MeSH descriptor: [Exhalation] explode all trees |
#22 | #19 OR #20 OR #21 |
#23 | #18 AND #22. |
Appendix B
1 | Was the type of EBC sampler used specified? |
2 | Was the EBC collection temperature between −10 °C and −20 °C? |
3 | Was the duration of condensation specified? |
4 | Were the ventilation patterns such as the breathing frequencies specified? |
5 | Did subjects wear a noseclip? |
6 | Was any precaution taken to avoid saliva contamination of EBC samples? |
7 | Were samples stored at ≤−70 °C? |
8 | Was the storage duration specified? |
9 | Have the assay characteristics used for analysis been specified? |
10 | Have lower limits of detection (LODs) been given? |
11 | Were intra- and inter-variability of the assay specified? |
12 | Were appropriate data on recovery in case of sample concentration specified? |
Appendix C
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Biomarkers | Role | Description |
---|---|---|
CRP | Pro-inflammatory | Detection of bacteria and damaged human cells and complement activation. Circulating concentration rises in response to infection and is associated with risk of coronary heart disease [6]. |
IL-1β | Pro-inflammatory | Response to exogenous and endogenous noxious stimuli and induction of IL-6 and IL-8 secretion by bronchial epithelial cells [14,15]. |
IL-4 | Anti-inflammatory | Response to allergic airway inflammation [16]. |
IL-6 | Pro-inflammatory | Response to several stimuli, including exercise, allergens, and respiratory viruses [5]. |
IL-8 | Pro-inflammatory | Neutrophil recruitment with an important role in pathological and physiological conditions [15,17]. |
IL-10 | Anti-inflammatory | Immune-suppressive cytokine, which reduces the recruitment of effector T cells and counteracts the effects of TNF-α and IL-1β Response to allergic challenge [18]. |
TNF-α | Pro-inflammatory | Pleiotropic immune activator, involved in many airway disorders [19]. |
Biomarker | n° of Studies | n° of Studies (%) with Data > LOD | n° of Studies (%) with Data < LOD | n° of Studies (%) without LOD Declared |
---|---|---|---|---|
CRP | 3 | 2 (66.7%) | - | 1 (33.3%) |
IL-1β | 12 | 2 (16.7%) | 5 (41.7%) | 5 (41.7%) |
IL-4 | 11 | 6 (54.5%) | 2 (18.2%) | 3 (27.3%) |
IL-6 | 19 | 11 (57.9%) | 2 (10.5%) | 6 (31.6%) |
IL-8 | 16 | 5 (31.3%) | 4 (25.0%) | 7 (43.8%) |
IL-10 | 12 | 2 (16.7%) | 2 (16.7%) | 8 (66.7%) |
TNF-α | 18 | 6 (33.3%) | 3 (16.7%) | 9 (50.0%) |
Authors, Year | Country | n° Subjects (M;F) | Age | Collection Device | Collection Temperature | Storage Temperature | Analytical Method | Data | LOD | SCORE Quality Assessment JBI | SCORE Authors’ Quality Assessment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CRP | |||||||||||
Zietkowski et al., 2009 [7] | Poland | 15 (6;9) | 33.13 (6.71) † | EcoScreen; Eric Jaeger GmbH, Hoechberg, Germany | 0 °C | −80 °C | highly sensitive CRP assay (Konelab, Waltham, MA, USA) | 0.08 ± 0.03 mg/L | 0.05 mg/L | 77.78 High | 45.45 Low |
Zietkowski et al., 2010 [58] | Poland | 8 (4;4) | 29.9 (7.1) † | EcoScreen; Eric Jaeger GmbH, Hoechberg, Germany | 0 °C | −80 °C | highly sensitive CRP assay (Konelab, Waltham, MA, USA) | 0.07 ± 0.03 mg/L | 0.02 mg/L | 88.89 High | 72.73 High |
IL-1β | |||||||||||
Guan et al., 2018 [44] | China | 15 (7;8) | 20 ± 1 | ECOScreen (Jager, Germany) | NA | −80 °C | BD Cytometric Bead Array, BD-Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA | 3.71 (2.31) pg/mL | 2.4 pg/mL | 84.62 High | 54.55 Medium |
Guan et al., 2018 [44] | China | 15 (7;8) | 20 ± 1 | ECOScreen (Jager, Germany) | NA | −80 °C | BD Cytometric Bead Array, BD-Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA | 3.34 (2.26) pg/mL | 2.4 pg/mL | 84.62 High | 54.55 Medium |
Svedahl et al., 2013 [54] | Norway | 24 (14;10) | 23.8 ± 2.5 | ECoScreen; Jager, Wurzburg, Germany | NA | −70 °C | Quantikine HS from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN, USA) | 0.84; CI= 0.64–1.10 pg/mL | 0.05 pg/mL | 77.78 High | 63.64 Medium |
IL-4 | |||||||||||
Carpagnano et al., 2005_a [30] | Italy | 15 (5;10) | 35 ± 6 | EcoScreen (Jaeger, Wurzburg, Germany) | −20 °C | −70 °C | EIA (Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI, USA) | 31.7 ± 3.5 pg/mL | 20 pg/mL | 77.78 High | 90.91 High |
Carpagnano et al., 2006 [32] | Italy | 17 (8;9) | 37 ± 9 | EcoScreen (Jaeger, Wurzburg, Germany) | On ice | −70 °C | EIA (Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI, USA) | 31.6 (27.5–39.7)pg/mL | 20 pg/mL | 50.00 Medium | 63.64 Medium |
Carpagnano et al., 2007 [33] | Italy | 10 (5;5) | 44 ± 8 | EcoScreen (Jaeger, Wurzburg, Germany) | NA | −70 °C | EIA (Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI, USA) | 40.8 ± 1.7 pg/mL | 15 pg/mL | 75.00 High | 54.55 Medium |
Carpagnano et al., 2009 [34] | Italy | 10 (-;-) | 43 ± 9 | EcoScreen (Jaeger, Wurzburg, Germany) | −20 °C | −80 °C | EIA (Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI, USA) | 35.8 ± 1.1 pg/mL | 20 pg/mL | 85.71 High | 63.64 Medium |
Edmè et al., 2008 * [39] | France | 19 (-;-) | 38.3 ± 13.6 | EcoScreen (Jaeger, Wurzburg, Germany) | NA | −80 °C | Cytometric Bead Arrays (CBA) Becton Dickinson, San Jose, CA | 32.1 (23 76) † pg/mL | 5 pg/mL | 66.67 Medium | 66.67 Medium |
Matsunaga et al., 2006 [47] | Japan | 10 (3;7) | 34.4 ± 6.6 | EcoScreen, (Jaeger, Germany) | −20 °C | −70 °C | Human Inflammation Antibody III (ray Biontec Inc, Norcross, GA, USA) | 5.2 ± 1.7 pg/mL | 1pg/mL | 57.14 Medium | 72.73 Medium |
IL-6 | |||||||||||
Carpagnano et al., 2003 [27] | Italy | 14 (8;6) | 45 ± 6 | EcoScreen (Jaeger, Wurzburg, Germany) | −20 °C | −70 °C | EIA (Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI, USA) | 2.6 ± 0.2 pg/mL | 1.5 pg/mL | 87.50 High | 81.82 High |
Carpagnano et al., 2004_a [28] | Italy | 18(5;13) | 46 ± 6 | EcoScreen (Jaeger, Wurzburg, Germany) | On ice | −70 °C | EIA (Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI, USA) | 2.9 ± 0.6 pg/mL | 1.5 pg/mL | 77.78 High | 81.82 High |
Carpagnano et al., 2004_a [28] | Italy | 5 (2;3) | 47 ± 3 | EcoScreen (Jaeger, Wurzburg, Germany) | On ice | −70 °C | EIA (Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI, USA) | 3.1 ± 0.6 pg/mL | 1.5 pg/mL | 77.78 High | 81.82 High |
Carpagnano et al., 2004_b [29] | Italy | 15 (8;7) | 48 ± 7 | EcoScreen (Jaeger, Wurzburg, Germany) | −20 °C | −70 °C | EIA (Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI, USA) | 2.7 ± 0.6 pg/mL | 1.5 pg/mL | 62.50 Medium | 54.55 Medium |
Carpagnano et al., 2005_a [30] | Italy | 15 (5;10) | 35 ± 6 | EcoScreen (Jaeger, Wurzburg, Germany) | −20 °C | −70 °C | EIA (Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI, USA) | 2.7 ± 0.6 pg/mL | 1.5 pg/mL | 77.78 High | 90.91 High |
Carpagnano et al., 2005_b [31] | Italy | 7 (5;2) | 42 ± 5 | EcoScreen (Jaeger, Wurzburg, Germany) | −20 °C | −70 °C | EIA (Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI, USA) | 3.1 ± 0.7 pg/mL | 1.5 pg/mL | 77.78 High | 90.91 High |
Carpagnano et al., 2006 [32] | Italy | 17 (8;9) | 37 ± 9 | EcoScreen (Jaeger, Wurzburg, Germany) | On ice | −70 °C | EIA (Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI, USA) | 2.6 (1.9-4.0) pg/mL | 1.5 pg/mL | 50.00 Medium | 63.64 Medium |
Carpagnano et al., 2007 [33] | Italy | 10 (5;5) | 44 ± 8 | EcoScreen (Jaeger, Wurzburg, Germany) | NA | −70 °C | EIA (Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI, USA) | 2.8 ± 0.1 pg/mL | 1.5 pg/mL | 75.00 High | 54.55 Medium |
Carpagnano et al., 2009 [34] | Italy | 10 (-;-) | 43 ± 9 | EcoScreen (Jaeger, Wurzburg, Germany) | −20 °C | −80 °C | EIA (Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI, USA) | 2.8 ± 0.1 pg/mL | 1.5 pg/mL | 85.71 High | 63.64 Medium |
Edmè et al., 2008 * [39] | France | 19 (-;-) | 38.3 ± 13.6 | EcoScreen (Jaeger, Wurzburg, Germany) | NA | −80 °C | Cytometric Bead Arrays (CBA) Becton pg/mL Dickinson, San Jose, CA, USA | 111.7 (70-362) † pg/mL | 5 pg/mL | 66.67 Medium | 66.67 Medium |
Guan et al., 2018 [44] | China | 15 (7;8) | 20 ± 1 | ECOScreen (Jager, Germany) | NA | −80 °C | BD Cytometric Bead Array, BD-Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA | 3.09 (3.08) pg/mL | 2.4 pg/mL | 84.62 High | 54.55 Medium |
Guan et al., 2018 [44] | China | 15 (7;8) | 20 ± 1 | ECOScreen (Jager, Germany) | NA | −80 °C | BD Cytometric Bead Array, BD-Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA | 3.08 (2.03) pg/mL | 2.4 pg/mL | 84.62 High | 54.55 Medium |
Matsunaga et al., 2006 [47] | Japan | 10 (3;7) | 34.4 ± 6.6 | EcoScreen, (Jaeger, Germany) | −20 °C | −70 °C | Human Inflammation Antibody III (ray Biontec Inc, Norcross, GA, USA) | 5.2 ± 1.2 pg/mL | 1 pg/mL | 57.14 Medium | 72.73 Medium |
IL-8 | |||||||||||
Carpagnano et al., 2010 [35] | Italy | 8 (5;3) | 42 ± 4 | EcoScreen (Jaeger, Wurzburg, Germany) | −20 °C | −70 °C | EIA kit (Human Interleukin-8, Bender med-Systems, Vienna, Austria) | 7.6 ± 0.5 pg/mL | 1.3 pg/mL | 85.71 High | 90.91 High |
Carpagnano et al., 2013 [36] | Italy | 10 (5;5) | 26 ± 4.9 | EcoScreen (Jaeger, Wurzburg, Germany) | −20 °C | −70 °C | EIA (Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI, USA) | 7.9 ± 1.0 pg/mL | 1.5 pg/mL | 71.43 Medium | 90.91 High |
Carpagnano et al., 2013 [36] | Italy | 10 (4;6) | 52 ± 5.9 | EcoScreen (Jaeger, Wurzburg, Germany) | −20 °C | −70 °C | EIA (Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI, USA) | 15.2 ± 1.9 pg/mL | 1.5 pg/mL | 71.43 Medium | 90.91 High |
Carpagnano et al., 2013 [36] | Italy | 10 (5;5) | 67 ± 4.6 | EcoScreen (Jaeger, Wurzburg, Germany) | −20 °C | −70 °C | EIA (Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI, USA) | 16.3 ± 1.4 pg/mL | 1.5 pg/mL | 71.43 Medium | 90.91 High |
De lima et al., 2013 [37] | Brazil | 73 (73;0) | 42 ± 7 | EcoScreen (Jaeger, Wurzburg, Germany) | NA | −80 °C | High sensitivity enzyme-immunoassays (Quantikine HS, R&D Systems Inc. Minneapolis, MN, USA) | 8.9 ± 1.8 pg/mL | 3.50 pg/mL | 85.71 High | 81.82 High |
De lima et al., 2013 [37] | Brazil | 14 (14;0) | 30 ± 5 | EcoScreen (Jaeger, Wurzburg, Germany) | NA | −80 °C | High sensitivity enzyme-immunoassays (Quantikine HS, R&D Systems Inc. Minneapolis, MN, USA) | 8.4 ± 0.9 pg/mL | 3.50 pg/mL | 85.71 High | 81.82 High |
Guan et al., 2018 [44] | China | 15 (7;8) | 20 ± 1 | ECOScreen (Jager, Germany) | NA | −80 °C | BD Cytometric Bead Array, BD-Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA | 3.58 (1.95) pg/mL | 2.4 pg/mL | 84.62 High | 54.55 Medium |
Guan et al., 2018 [44] | China | 15 (7;8) | 20 ± 1 | ECOScreen (Jager, Germany) | NA | −80 °C | BD Cytometric Bead Array, BD-Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA | 3.15 (1.95) pg/mL | 2.4 pg/mL | 84.62 High | 54.55 Medium |
Matsunaga et al., 2006 [47] | Japan | 10 (3;7) | 34.4 ± 6.6 | EcoScreen, (Jaeger, Germany) | −20 °C | −70 °C | Human Inflammation Antibody III (ray Biontec Inc, Norcross, GA, USA) | 5.4 ± 1.8 pg/mL | 1 pg/mL | 57.14 Medium | 72.73 Medium |
IL-10 | |||||||||||
De lima et al., 2013 [37] | Brazil | 14 (14;0) | 30 ± 5 | EcoScreen (Jaeger, Wurzburg, Germany) | NA | −80 °C | High sensitivity enzyme-immunoassays (Quantikine HS, R&D Systems Inc. Minneapolis, MN, USA) | 1.0 (1.4) pg/mL | 0.50 pg/mL | 85.71 High | 81.82 High |
De lima et al., 2013 [37] | Brazil | 73 (73;0) | 42 ± 7 | EcoScreen (Jaeger, Wurzburg, Germany) | NA | −80 °C | High sensitivity enzyme-immunoassays (Quantikine HS, R&D Systems Inc. Minneapolis, MN, USA) | 1.2 (1.6) pg/mL | 0.5 pg/mL | 85.71 High | 81.82 High |
Edmè et al., 2008 * [39] | France | 19 (-;-) | 38.3 ± 13.6 | EcoScreen (Jaeger, Wurzburg, Germany) | NA | −80 °C | Cytometric Bead Arrays (CBA) Becton Dickinson, San Jose, CA, USA | 24.3 (13-492) † pg/mL | 5 pg/mL | 66.67 Medium | 66.67 Medium |
TNF-α | |||||||||||
Carpagnano et al., 2005_b [31] | Italy | 7 (5;2) | 42 ± 5 | EcoScreen (Jaeger, Wurzburg, Germany) | −20 °C | −70 °C | EIA (Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI, USA) | 4.2 ± 0.6 pg/mL | 1.5 pg/mL | 77.78 High | 90.91 High |
De lima et al., 2013 [37] | Brazil | 14 (14;0) | 30 ± 5 | EcoScreen (Jaeger, Wurzburg, Germany) | NA | −80 °C | High sensitivity enzyme-immunoassays (Quantikine HS, R&D Systems Inc. Minneapolis, MN, USA) | 0.4 (0.2) pg/mL | 0.20 pg/mL | 85.71 High | 81.82 High |
De lima et al., 2013 [37] | Brazil | 73 (73;0) | 42 ± 7 | EcoScreen (Jaeger, Wurzburg, Germany) | NA | −80 °C | High sensitivity enzyme-immunoassays (Quantikine HS, R&D Systems Inc. Minneapolis, MN, USA) | 0.5 (0.4) pg/mL | 0.106 pg/mL | 85.71 High | 81.82 High |
Edmè et al., 2008 * [39] | France | 19 (-;-) | 38.3 ± 13.6 | EcoScreen (Jaeger, Wurzburg, Germany) | NA | −80 °C | Cytometric Bead Arrays (CBA) Becton Dickinson, San Jose, CA, USA | 44.6 (32-91) † pg/mL | 5 pg/mL | 66.67 Medium | 66.67 Medium |
Garey et al., 2004 [41] | USA | 9 (5;4) | 22.0 ± 1.9 | Breath condensate was collected using a novel method where the subject inspires repeatedly to TLC and exhales into 1.5 m Teflon perfluoroalkoxy (PFA) tubing with 0.5 cm internal diameter | Immersed in ice | −70 °C | ELISA (R&D System Minneapolis, MN) | 3.9 ± 8.5 pg/mL | 2 pg/mL | 71.43 Medium | 54.55 Medium |
Guan et al., 2018 [44] | China | 15 (7;8) | 20 ± 1 | ECOScreen (Jager, Germany) | NA | −80 °C | BD Cytometric Bead Array, BD-Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA | 4.36 (1.79) pg/mL | 2.4 pg/mL | 84.62 High | 54.55 Medium |
Guan et al., 2018 [44] | China | 15 (7;8) | 20 ± 1 | ECOScreen (Jager, Germany) | NA | −80 °C | BD Cytometric Bead Array, BD-Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA | 4.14 (2.56) pg/mL | 2.4 pg/mL | 84.62 High | 54.55 Medium |
Ko et al., 2009 [45] | China | 14 (9;5) | 75.2 ± 4.1 | EcoScreen (VIASYS Healthcare, Conshohochen, PA, USA) | NA | −70 °C | BioSource International, Camarillo, CA, USA | 4.84 (3.86-5.81) pg/mL | 0.09 pg/mL | 71.43 Medium | 81.82 High |
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Ghelli, F.; Panizzolo, M.; Garzaro, G.; Squillacioti, G.; Bellisario, V.; Colombi, N.; Bergamaschi, E.; Guseva Canu, I.; Bono, R. Inflammatory Biomarkers in Exhaled Breath Condensate: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 9820. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23179820
Ghelli F, Panizzolo M, Garzaro G, Squillacioti G, Bellisario V, Colombi N, Bergamaschi E, Guseva Canu I, Bono R. Inflammatory Biomarkers in Exhaled Breath Condensate: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(17):9820. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23179820
Chicago/Turabian StyleGhelli, Federica, Marco Panizzolo, Giacomo Garzaro, Giulia Squillacioti, Valeria Bellisario, Nicoletta Colombi, Enrico Bergamaschi, Irina Guseva Canu, and Roberto Bono. 2022. "Inflammatory Biomarkers in Exhaled Breath Condensate: A Systematic Review" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 17: 9820. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23179820