Ceramide Metabolism Regulated by Sphingomyelin Synthase 2 Is Associated with Acquisition of Chemoresistance via Exosomes in Human Leukemia Cells
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Exosome Release Is Promoted in Drug-Resistant Leukemia Cells
2.2. Cellular Ceramide Levels Are Related to Exosome Release in HL-60/ADR Cells
2.3. SMS2 Contributes to Exosome Release by Suppression of Ceramide Levels
2.4. Effect of Exosomes Derived from HL-60/ADR Cells on Cell Proliferation and Drug Resistance
2.5. miR-484 Is Associated with HL-60 Cell Proliferation through Exosomes
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Materials
4.2. Cell Culture
4.3. Exosome Preparation
4.4. Transmission Electron Microscopy
4.5. Analysis of Particle Number and Size
4.6. Western Blot Analysis
4.7. LC-MS/MS
4.8. Measurement of SMS and GCS Activity
4.9. Quantitative Real-Time PCR (qPCR)
4.10. Flow Cytometry
4.11. Microarray for miRNA
4.12. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Taniguchi, M.; Nagaya, S.; Yuyama, K.; Kotani, A.; Igarashi, Y.; Okazaki, T. Ceramide Metabolism Regulated by Sphingomyelin Synthase 2 Is Associated with Acquisition of Chemoresistance via Exosomes in Human Leukemia Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 10648. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231810648
Taniguchi M, Nagaya S, Yuyama K, Kotani A, Igarashi Y, Okazaki T. Ceramide Metabolism Regulated by Sphingomyelin Synthase 2 Is Associated with Acquisition of Chemoresistance via Exosomes in Human Leukemia Cells. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(18):10648. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231810648
Chicago/Turabian StyleTaniguchi, Makoto, Shingo Nagaya, Kohei Yuyama, Ai Kotani, Yasuyuki Igarashi, and Toshiro Okazaki. 2022. "Ceramide Metabolism Regulated by Sphingomyelin Synthase 2 Is Associated with Acquisition of Chemoresistance via Exosomes in Human Leukemia Cells" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 18: 10648. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231810648