Can TPO as Photoinitiator Replace “Golden Mean” Camphorquinone and Tertiary Amines in Dental Composites? Testing Experimental Composites Containing Different Concentration of Diphenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine Oxide
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
- DTS—diametral tensile strength (MPa);
- P—load applied (N);
- D—diameter of sample (mm);
- T—high of sample (mm).
- W—force, which caused the destruction of the sample (N);
- l—distance between supports, 20 mm;
- b—width of sample (mm);
- h—high of sample (mm).
3. Results
- Composite including CQ and 0.27 wt.% TPO (p-value = 0.00032), with higher values of experimental composite with 0.27 wt.% TPO.
- Composite including CQ and 0.5 wt.% TPO (p-value = 0.00000), with higher values of experimental composite with 0.5 wt.% TPO.
- Composite including CQ and 0.75 wt.% TPO (p-value = 0.00000), with higher values of experimental composite with 0.75 wt.% TPO.
- Composite including CQ and 1 wt.% TPO (p-value = 0.00000), with higher values of experimental composite with 1 wt.% TPO.
- Composite containing 0.27 and 1 wt.% of TPO (p-value = 0.00117), with higher values for material with 1 wt.% TPO.
- Composite containing TPO 0.5 wt.% and 0.75 wt.% of TPO (p-value = 0.01763), with higher values for composite with 0.75 wt.% TPO.
- Dental material including TPO 0.5 wt.% and 1 wt.% of TPO (p-value = 0.04058), with higher values of material with 1 wt.% TPO.
- Composite including CQ and 0.75 wt.% TPO (p-value = 0.01319), with higher values of experimental composite with 0.75 wt.% TPO.
- Material with 0.27 wt.% and 0.75 wt.% TPO (p-value = 0.00065), with higher values of material with 0.75 wt.% TPO.
- Composites including TPO 0.5% and TPO 0.75% (p-value = 0.02816), with higher values in TPO 0.75%.
- Composite with CQ and 0.5 wt.% of TPO (p-value = 0.00015), with higher values of material including CQ,
- Materials containing CQ and 0.75 wt.% TPO (p-value = 0.00001), with higher values of composite with CQ,
- Dental resin composite including CQ and 1 wt.% TPO (p-value = 0.00000), with higher values of material with CQ,
- Composite containing 0.27 wt.% and 0.5 wt.% TPO (p-value = 0.00001), with higher values of material with 0.27 wt.% of TPO,
- Resins with 0.27 wt.% and 0.75 wt.% of TPO (p-value = 0.00000), with higher values of composite including 0.27 wt.% of TPO,
- Dental materials with 0.27 wt.% and 1 wt.% of TPO (p-value = 0.00000), with higher values of material with 0.27 wt.% of TPO,
- Composites with 0.5 wt.% and 1 wt. % (p-value = 0.001207), with higher values of resin containing 0.5 wt.% of TPO.
- Composite containing CQ and 0.27 wt.% TPO (p-value = 0.00022), with higher values for resin with CQ.
- Dental resin including CQ and 0.75 wt. %TPO (p-value = 0.03649), with higher values for material with CQ.
- Material with CQ and 1 wt.% TPO (p-value = 0.00472), with higher values for composite with 1 wt.% of TPO.
- Dental composite including 0.27 wt.% and 0.5 wt.% TPO (p-value = 0.01404), with higher values for resin with 0.5 wt.% of TPO.
- Resin based composite with 0.27 wt.% and 1 wt.% TPO (p-value = 0.00000), with higher values for composite 1 wt.% of TPO.
- Material containing 0.5 wt.% and 1 wt.% TPO (p-value = 0.00012), with higher values for resin based composite with 1 wt.% of TPO.
- Composite with 0.75 wt.% and 1 wt.% TPO (p-value = 0.00004), with higher values for material containing 1 wt.% of TPO.
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
References
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Composite | Vicker’s Hardness | Standard Deviation | DTS [MPa] | Standard Deviation | TPB [MPa] | Standard Deviation | FS Modulus [MPa] | Standard Deviation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CQ + DMAEMA | 30.82 | 3.3 | 28.32 | 3.4 | 77.3 | 9.9 | 3734.00 | 136.7 |
TPO 0.27 wt.% | 37.27 | 3.6 | 26.87 | 4.1 | 66.38 | 12.4 | 3281.67 | 435.4 |
TPO 0.5 wt.% | 39.27 | 3.3 | 22.7 | 4.7 | 65.4 | 16.6 | 3953.33 | 540.0 |
TPO 0.75 wt.% | 39.73 | 2.8 | 29.73 | 4.8 | 86.4 | 6.6 | 5383.33 | 1067.1 |
TPO 1 wt.% | 43.28 | 1.7 | 29.06 | 5.4 | 75.1 | 16.2 | 4521.67 | 783.4 |
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Group | Photoinitiator System | Manufacturer | Concentration of Photoinitiator |
---|---|---|---|
A. | CQ and DMAEMA | Sigma-Aldrich Inc., St. Louis, MO, USA | 0.4 wt.% and 0.8 wt.% |
B. | TPO | 0.27 wt.% | |
C. | TPO | 0.5 wt.% | |
D. | TPO | 0.75 wt.% | |
E. | TPO | 1 wt.% |
Distance [µm] | CQ/DMAEMA | TPO 0.27 wt.% | TPO 0.75 wt.% | TPO 1 wt.% | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Microhardness [MPa] | Reduced Modulus [GPa] | Microhardness [MPa] | Reduced Modulus [GPa] | Microhardness [MPa] | Reduced Modulus [GPa] | Microhardness [MPa] | Reduced Modulus [GPa] | |
0 | 67.52 ± 2.5 | 2.15 ± 0.1 | 109.58 ± 2.6 | 0.53 ± 0.1 | 57.58 ± 2.5 | 0.3 ± 0.0 | 44.97 ± 5.8 | 0.69 ± 0.0 |
450 | 352.5 ± 55.4 | 5.38 ± 0.4 | 372.77 ± 34.7 | 4.08 ± 0.3 | 108.66 ± 10.5 | 1.8 ± 0.1 | 336.67 ± 50.8 | 4.08 ± 0.5 |
900 | 671.43 ± 89.9 | 5.51 ± 0.1 | 486.34 ± 9.3 | 5.07 ± 0.1 | 590.06 ± 3.6 | 6.9 ± 0.9 | 423.08 ± 10.1 | 3.93 ± 0.5 |
1350 | 753.49 ± 2.9 | 8.34 ± 0.6 | 478.84 ± 69.2 | 5.00 ± 0.5 | 499.52 ± 43.1 | 5.5 ± 0.3 | 280.53 ± 4.3 | 3.21 ± 0.2 |
1800 | 12.2 ± 1.5 | 0.72 ± 0.0 | 50.25 ± 1.1 | 2.08 ± 0.3 | 255.98 ± 3.8 | 4.00 ± 0.4 | 210.4 ± 5.9 | 3.12 ± 0.4 |
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Kowalska, A.; Sokołowski, J.; Szynkowska-Jóźwik, M.I.; Gozdek, T.; Kopacz, K.; Bociong, K. Can TPO as Photoinitiator Replace “Golden Mean” Camphorquinone and Tertiary Amines in Dental Composites? Testing Experimental Composites Containing Different Concentration of Diphenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine Oxide. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 11594. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911594
Kowalska A, Sokołowski J, Szynkowska-Jóźwik MI, Gozdek T, Kopacz K, Bociong K. Can TPO as Photoinitiator Replace “Golden Mean” Camphorquinone and Tertiary Amines in Dental Composites? Testing Experimental Composites Containing Different Concentration of Diphenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine Oxide. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(19):11594. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911594
Chicago/Turabian StyleKowalska, Andrea, Jerzy Sokołowski, Małgorzata Iwona Szynkowska-Jóźwik, Tomasz Gozdek, Karolina Kopacz, and Kinga Bociong. 2022. "Can TPO as Photoinitiator Replace “Golden Mean” Camphorquinone and Tertiary Amines in Dental Composites? Testing Experimental Composites Containing Different Concentration of Diphenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine Oxide" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 19: 11594. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911594