Synergistic Antiviral Effects of Metal Oxides and Carbon Nanotubes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Sample Characterization
2.2. Antiviral Effects of MOs and MO-CNT Hybrids
2.3. Mechanism of Deactivation
3. Experimental Section
3.1. Chemicals and Materials
3.2. MS2 Bacteriophage Sample Preparation
3.3. Preparation of MOs and MO-CNTs
3.4. Phage Deactivation
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | Elemental Composition | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
C (%) | O (%) | Ni (%) | Fe (%) | Mn (%) | |
Ni(OH)2 | N/A | 42.4 | 57.6 | N/A | N/A |
Fe2O3 | N/A | 11.3 | N/A | 88.7 | N/A |
MnO2 | N/A | 34.9 | N/A | N/A | 65.1 |
Ni(OH)2-CNT | 64 | 20 | 15 | N/A | N/A |
Fe2O3-CNT | 55 | 36 | N/A | 8 | N/A |
MnO2-CNT | 54 | 36 | N/A | N/A | 9 |
Nanomaterials | T50 (min) | T80 (min) | LD50 (µg/mL) | Specific Growth Rate (SGR) (hr−1) | Initial Deactivation Rate (IRD) (hr−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ni(OH)2 | 50.6 | 83.4 | 278 | −0.013 | −3.52 |
Fe2O3 | 53.8 | 86.8 | 348 | −0.012 | −3.48 |
MnO2 | 56.9 | 90.5 | 357 | −0.011 | −3.42 |
CNT | 31.8 | 54.6 | 63 | −0.025 | −5.42 |
Ni(OH)2-CNT | 22.7 | 44.2 | 16 | −0.038 | −5.46 |
Fe2O3-CNT | 24.3 | 46.0 | 24 | −0.035 | −5.44 |
MnO2-CNT | 25.1 | 46.3 | 33 | −0.032 | −5.45 |
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Gupta, I.; Azizighannad, S.; Farinas, E.T.; Mitra, S. Synergistic Antiviral Effects of Metal Oxides and Carbon Nanotubes. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 11957. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911957
Gupta I, Azizighannad S, Farinas ET, Mitra S. Synergistic Antiviral Effects of Metal Oxides and Carbon Nanotubes. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(19):11957. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911957
Chicago/Turabian StyleGupta, Indrani, Samar Azizighannad, Edgardo T. Farinas, and Somenath Mitra. 2022. "Synergistic Antiviral Effects of Metal Oxides and Carbon Nanotubes" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 19: 11957. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911957