Choroidal Vasculature Changes in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: From a Molecular to a Clinical Perspective
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Choroidal Vasculature
2.1. Vascular Anatomy of the Choroid
2.2. Structure and Function of the Choroidal Vascular Layers
3. Molecular Aspects in Choroidal Vasculature
3.1. Genetic Factors Associated with Pathologic Choroid in AMD
3.2. Molecular Properties of the Choroidal Vascular Layer
3.3. Age-Related and Pathologic Changes
4. Structural Changes in Choroidal Vasculature with Aging and Disease
4.1. Age-Related Changes in the Choroidal Vascular Layer
4.2. Subretinal Drusenoid Deposits (Reticular Pseudodrusen) and Choroidal Hypoxia
4.3. Choroidal Changes in Age-Related Macular Degeneration
5. Choroidal Imaging and Assessment In Vivo
5.1. Enhanced Depth Imaging and Choroidal Thickness
5.1.1. Instrumentation, Technique, and Limitations
5.1.2. The Clinical Significance of Choroidal Thickness Variations in AMD
5.2. Choroidal Vascularity Index (CVI)
5.2.1. Technical Procedure for Obtaining CVI, Strengths, and Limitations
5.2.2. Clinical Interpretation of CVI in AMD
5.3. Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography
5.3.1. Choriocapillaris Flow Void Quantification
5.3.2. Choriocapillaris Flow Voids in AMD
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fragiotta, S.; Scuderi, L.; Iodice, C.M.; Rullo, D.; Di Pippo, M.; Maugliani, E.; Abdolrahimzadeh, S. Choroidal Vasculature Changes in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: From a Molecular to a Clinical Perspective. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 12010. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231912010
Fragiotta S, Scuderi L, Iodice CM, Rullo D, Di Pippo M, Maugliani E, Abdolrahimzadeh S. Choroidal Vasculature Changes in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: From a Molecular to a Clinical Perspective. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(19):12010. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231912010
Chicago/Turabian StyleFragiotta, Serena, Luca Scuderi, Clemente Maria Iodice, Daria Rullo, Mariachiara Di Pippo, Elisa Maugliani, and Solmaz Abdolrahimzadeh. 2022. "Choroidal Vasculature Changes in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: From a Molecular to a Clinical Perspective" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 19: 12010. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231912010