A Complexed Crystal Structure of a Single-Stranded DNA-Binding Protein with Quercetin and the Structural Basis of Flavonol Inhibition Specificity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. ssDNA Binding of PaSSB
2.2. Inhibition of the ssDNA Binding Activities of SSB by the Flavonol Myricetin
2.3. The Flavonols Quercetin, Kaempferol, and Galangin Did Not Inhibit PaSSB
2.4. Crystal Structure of PaSSB in a Complex with Quercetin
2.5. Quercetin Binding Mode
2.6. The Flavonol Inhibition Specificity
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Materials
4.2. Protein Expression and Purification
4.3. Crystallography
4.4. Labeling of the DNA Probe for EMSA
4.5. EMSA
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Bianco, P.R. The mechanism of action of the SSB interactome reveals it is the first OB-fold family of genome guardians in prokaryotes. Protein Sci. 2021, 30, 1757–1775. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Meyer, R.R.; Laine, P.S. The single-stranded DNA-binding protein of Escherichia coli. Microbiol. Rev. 1990, 54, 342–380. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, Y.H.; Lin, E.S.; Huang, C.Y. Complexed crystal structure of SSB reveals a novel single-stranded DNA binding mode (SSB)3:1: Phe60 is not crucial for defining binding paths. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2019, 520, 353–358. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, Y.H.; Chen, I.C.; Huang, C.Y. Characterization of an SSB-dT25 complex: Structural insights into the S-shaped ssDNA binding conformation. RSC Adv. 2019, 9, 40388–40396. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Dubiel, K.; Myers, A.R.; Kozlov, A.G.; Yang, O.; Zhang, J.; Ha, T.; Lohman, T.M.; Keck, J.L. Structural Mechanisms of Cooperative DNA Binding by Bacterial Single-Stranded DNA-Binding Proteins. J. Mol. Biol. 2019, 431, 178–195. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Raghunathan, S.; Kozlov, A.G.; Lohman, T.M.; Waksman, G. Structure of the DNA binding domain of E. coli SSB bound to ssDNA. Nat. Struct. Biol. 2000, 7, 648–652. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dickey, T.H.; Altschuler, S.E.; Wuttke, D.S. Single-stranded DNA-binding proteins: Multiple domains for multiple functions. Structure 2013, 21, 1074–1084. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Murzin, A.G. OB(oligonucleotide/oligosaccharide binding)-fold: Common structural and functional solution for non-homologous sequences. EMBO J. 1993, 12, 861–867. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Antony, E.; Lohman, T.M. Dynamics of E. coli single stranded DNA binding (SSB) protein-DNA complexes. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 2019, 86, 102–111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Byrne, B.M.; Oakley, G.G. Replication protein A, the laxative that keeps DNA regular: The importance of RPA phosphorylation in maintaining genome stability. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 2019, 86, 112–120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Huang, Y.H.; Huang, C.Y. The glycine-rich flexible region in SSB is crucial for PriA stimulation. RSC Adv. 2018, 8, 35280–35288. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Huang, Y.H.; Guan, H.H.; Chen, C.J.; Huang, C.Y. Staphylococcus aureus single-stranded DNA-binding protein SsbA can bind but cannot stimulate PriA helicase. PLoS ONE 2017, 12, e0182060. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Savvides, S.N.; Raghunathan, S.; Futterer, K.; Kozlov, A.G.; Lohman, T.M.; Waksman, G. The C-terminal domain of full-length E. coli SSB is disordered even when bound to DNA. Protein Sci. 2004, 13, 1942–1947. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kerr, I.D.; Wadsworth, R.I.; Cubeddu, L.; Blankenfeldt, W.; Naismith, J.H.; White, M.F. Insights into ssDNA recognition by the OB fold from a structural and thermodynamic study of Sulfolobus SSB protein. EMBO J. 2003, 22, 2561–2570. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bochkarev, A.; Pfuetzner, R.A.; Edwards, A.M.; Frappier, L. Structure of the single-stranded-DNA-binding domain of replication protein A bound to DNA. Nature 1997, 385, 176–181. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shamoo, Y.; Friedman, A.M.; Parsons, M.R.; Konigsberg, W.H.; Steitz, T.A. Crystal structure of a replication fork single-stranded DNA binding protein (T4 gp32) complexed to DNA. Nature 1995, 376, 362–366. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tommasi, R.; Brown, D.G.; Walkup, G.K.; Manchester, J.I.; Miller, A.A. ESKAPEing the labyrinth of antibacterial discovery. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2015, 14, 529–542. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bush, K. Alarming beta-lactamase-mediated resistance in multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 2010, 13, 558–564. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Laborda, P.; Sanz-García, F.; Hernando-Amado, S.; Martínez, J.L. Pseudomonas aeruginosa: An antibiotic resilient pathogen with environmental origin. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 2021, 64, 125–132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhao, W.H.; Hu, Z.Q. Beta-lactamases identified in clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 2010, 36, 245–258. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Truong, V.L.; Jeong, W.S. Cellular Defensive Mechanisms of Tea Polyphenols: Structure-Activity Relationship. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 9109. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Scicutella, F.; Mannelli, F.; Daghio, M.; Viti, C.; Buccioni, A. Polyphenols and Organic Acids as Alternatives to Antimicrobials in Poultry Rearing: A Review. Antibiotics 2021, 10, 1010. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gutiérrez-Escobar, R.; Aliaño-González, M.J.; Cantos-Villar, E. Wine Polyphenol Content and Its Influence on Wine Quality and Properties: A Review. Molecules 2021, 26, 718. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Oesterle, I.; Braun, D.; Berry, D.; Wisgrill, L.; Rompel, A.; Warth, B. Polyphenol Exposure, Metabolism, and Analysis: A Global Exposomics Perspective. Annu. Rev. Food Sci. Technol. 2021, 12, 461–484. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tomás-Barberán, F.A.; Espín, J.C. Effect of Food Structure and Processing on (Poly)phenol-Gut Microbiota Interactions and the Effects on Human Health. Annu. Rev. Food Sci. Technol. 2019, 10, 221–238. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Baur, J.A.; Sinclair, D.A. Therapeutic potential of resveratrol: The in vivo evidence. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2006, 5, 493–506. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Islam, B.U.; Suhail, M.; Khan, M.K.; Zughaibi, T.A.; Alserihi, R.F.; Zaidi, S.K.; Tabrez, S. Polyphenols as anticancer agents: Toxicological concern to healthy cells. Phytother. Res. 2021, 35, 6063–6079. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wolfe, K.L.; Liu, R.H. Structure-activity relationships of flavonoids in the cellular antioxidant activity assay. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2008, 56, 8404–8411. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Teillet, F.; Boumendjel, A.; Boutonnat, J.; Ronot, X. Flavonoids as RTK inhibitors and potential anticancer agents. Med. Res. Rev. 2008, 28, 715–745. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Daglia, M. Polyphenols as antimicrobial agents. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 2012, 23, 174–181. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cushnie, T.P.; Lamb, A.J. Antimicrobial activity of flavonoids. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 2005, 26, 343–356. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ross, J.A.; Kasum, C.M. Dietary flavonoids: Bioavailability, metabolic effects, and safety. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 2002, 22, 19–34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Álvarez-Martínez, F.J.; Barrajón-Catalán, E.; Herranz-López, M.; Micol, V. Antibacterial plant compounds, extracts and essential oils: An updated review on their effects and putative mechanisms of action. Phytomedicine 2021, 90, 153626. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rawel, H.M.; Meidtner, K.; Kroll, J. Binding of selected phenolic compounds to proteins. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2005, 53, 4228–4235. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sengupta, B.; Sengupta, P.K. The interaction of quercetin with human serum albumin: A fluorescence spectroscopic study. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2002, 299, 400–403. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Charlton, A.J.; Baxter, N.J.; Khan, M.L.; Moir, A.J.; Haslam, E.; Davies, A.P.; Williamson, M.P. Polyphenol/peptide binding and precipitation. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2002, 50, 1593–1601. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Baxter, N.J.; Lilley, T.H.; Haslam, E.; Williamson, M.P. Multiple interactions between polyphenols and a salivary proline-rich protein repeat result in complexation and precipitation. Biochemistry 1997, 36, 5566–5577. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rohn, S.; Rawel, H.M.; Kroll, J. Inhibitory effects of plant phenols on the activity of selected enzymes. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2002, 50, 3566–3571. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, C.Y. Crystal structure of SSB complexed with inhibitor myricetin. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2018, 504, 704–708. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jan, H.C.; Lee, Y.L.; Huang, C.Y. Characterization of a single-stranded DNA-binding protein from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. Protein J. 2011, 30, 20–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lin, E.S.; Huang, Y.H.; Huang, C.Y. Characterization of the Chimeric PriB-SSBc Protein. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 10854. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Khosla, S.; Farr, J.N.; Tchkonia, T.; Kirkland, J.L. The role of cellular senescence in ageing and endocrine disease. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 2020, 16, 263–275. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hickson, L.J.; Langhi Prata, L.G.P.; Bobart, S.A.; Evans, T.K.; Giorgadze, N.; Hashmi, S.K.; Herrmann, S.M.; Jensen, M.D.; Jia, Q.; Jordan, K.L.; et al. Senolytics decrease senescent cells in humans: Preliminary report from a clinical trial of Dasatinib plus Quercetin in individuals with diabetic kidney disease. EBioMedicine 2019, 47, 446–456. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- D’Andrea, G. Quercetin: A flavonol with multifaceted therapeutic applications? Fitoterapia 2015, 106, 256–271. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- González, R.; Ballester, I.; López-Posadas, R.; Suárez, M.D.; Zarzuelo, A.; Martínez-Augustin, O.; Sánchez de Medina, F. Effects of flavonoids and other polyphenols on inflammation. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 2011, 51, 331–362. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Taheri, Y.; Suleria, H.A.R.; Martins, N.; Sytar, O.; Beyatli, A.; Yeskaliyeva, B.; Seitimova, G.; Salehi, B.; Semwal, P.; Painuli, S.; et al. Myricetin bioactive effects: Moving from preclinical evidence to potential clinical applications. BMC Complement. Med. Ther. 2020, 20, 241. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Devi, K.P.; Rajavel, T.; Habtemariam, S.; Nabavi, S.F.; Nabavi, S.M. Molecular mechanisms underlying anticancer effects of myricetin. Life Sci. 2015, 142, 19–25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, Y.H.; Huang, C.Y. Comparing SSB-PriA Functional and Physical Interactions in Gram-Positive and -Negative Bacteria. Methods Mol. Biol. 2021, 2281, 67–80. [Google Scholar]
- Lin, E.S.; Huang, C.Y. Crystal structure of the single-stranded DNA-binding protein SsbB in complex with the anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil: Extension of the 5-fluorouracil interactome to include the oligonucleotide/oligosaccharide-binding fold protein. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2021, 534, 41–46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, K.L.; Cheng, J.H.; Lin, C.Y.; Huang, Y.H.; Huang, C.Y. Characterization of single-stranded DNA-binding protein SsbB from Staphylococcus aureus: SsbB cannot stimulate PriA helicase. RSC Adv. 2018, 8, 28367–28375. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Huang, Y.H.; Huang, C.Y. SAAV2152 is a single-stranded DNA binding protein: The third SSB in Staphylococcus aureus. Oncotarget 2018, 9, 20239–20254. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Huang, C.Y.; Hsu, C.H.; Sun, Y.J.; Wu, H.N.; Hsiao, C.D. Complexed crystal structure of replication restart primosome protein PriB reveals a novel single-stranded DNA-binding mode. Nucleic Acids Res. 2006, 34, 3878–3886. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Liu, J.H.; Chang, T.W.; Huang, C.Y.; Chen, S.U.; Wu, H.N.; Chang, M.C.; Hsiao, C.D. Crystal structure of PriB, a primosomal DNA replication protein of Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 2004, 279, 50465–50471. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Huang, Y.H.; Lo, Y.H.; Huang, W.; Huang, C.Y. Crystal structure and DNA-binding mode of Klebsiella pneumoniae primosomal PriB protein. Genes Cells 2012, 17, 837–849. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yu, M.S.; Lee, J.; Lee, J.M.; Kim, Y.; Chin, Y.W.; Jee, J.G.; Keum, Y.S.; Jeong, Y.J. Identification of myricetin and scutellarein as novel chemical inhibitors of the SARS coronavirus helicase, nsP13. Bioorg Med. Chem. Lett. 2012, 22, 4049–4054. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Keum, Y.S.; Jeong, Y.J. Development of chemical inhibitors of the SARS coronavirus: Viral helicase as a potential target. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2012, 84, 1351–1358. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lin, H.H.; Huang, C.Y. Characterization of flavonol inhibition of DnaB helicase: Real-time monitoring, structural modeling, and proposed mechanism. J. Biomed. Biotechnol. 2012, 2012, 735368. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Chen, C.C.; Huang, C.Y. Inhibition of Klebsiella pneumoniae DnaB helicase by the flavonol galangin. Protein J. 2011, 30, 59–65. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Griep, M.A.; Blood, S.; Larson, M.A.; Koepsell, S.A.; Hinrichs, S.H. Myricetin inhibits Escherichia coli DnaB helicase but not primase. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2007, 15, 7203–7208. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Xu, H.; Ziegelin, G.; Schröder, W.; Frank, J.; Ayora, S.; Alonso, J.C.; Lanka, E.; Saenger, W. Flavones inhibit the hexameric replicative helicase RepA. Nucleic Acids Res. 2001, 29, 5058–5066. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Huang, Y.H.; Huang, C.C.; Chen, C.C.; Yang, K.J.; Huang, C.Y. Inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus PriA helicase by flavonol kaempferol. Protein J. 2015, 34, 169–172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Huang, C.Y. Structure, catalytic mechanism, posttranslational lysine carbamylation, and inhibition of dihydropyrimidinases. Adv. Protein Chem. Struct. Biol. 2020, 122, 63–96. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Huang, Y.H.; Lien, Y.; Chen, J.H.; Lin, E.S.; Huang, C.Y. Identification and characterization of dihydropyrimidinase inhibited by plumbagin isolated from Nepenthes miranda extract. Biochimie 2020, 171–172, 124–135. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, C.Y. Inhibition of a putative dihydropyrimidinase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 by flavonoids and substrates of cyclic amidohydrolases. PLoS ONE 2015, 10, e0127634. [Google Scholar]
- Guan, H.H.; Huang, Y.H.; Lin, E.S.; Chen, C.J.; Huang, C.Y. Complexed Crystal Structure of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Dihydroorotase with Inhibitor 5-Fluoroorotate Reveals a New Binding Mode. Bioinorg. Chem. Appl. 2021, 2021, 2572844. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Guan, H.H.; Huang, Y.H.; Lin, E.S.; Chen, C.J.; Huang, C.Y. Plumbagin, a Natural Product with Potent Anticancer Activities, Binds to and Inhibits Dihydroorotase, a Key Enzyme in Pyrimidine Biosynthesis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 6861. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guan, H.H.; Huang, Y.H.; Lin, E.S.; Chen, C.J.; Huang, C.Y. Structural basis for the interaction modes of dihydroorotase with the anticancer drugs 5-fluorouracil and 5-aminouracil. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2021, 551, 33–37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Peng, W.F.; Huang, C.Y. Allantoinase and dihydroorotase binding and inhibition by flavonols and the substrates of cyclic amidohydrolases. Biochimie 2014, 101, 113–122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guan, H.H.; Huang, Y.H.; Lin, E.S.; Chen, C.J.; Huang, C.Y. Structural Analysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Dihydroorotase Reveals Molecular Insights into the Tetramerization Mechanism. Molecules 2021, 26, 7249. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ho, Y.Y.; Huang, Y.H.; Huang, C.Y. Chemical rescue of the post-translationally carboxylated lysine mutant of allantoinase and dihydroorotase by metal ions and short-chain carboxylic acids. Amino Acids 2013, 44, 1181–1191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bianco, P.R.; Lu, Y. Single-molecule insight into stalled replication fork rescue in Escherichia coli. Nucleic Acids Res. 2021, 49, 4220–4238. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bianco, P.R. DNA Helicase-SSB Interactions Critical to the Regression and Restart of Stalled DNA Replication forks in Escherichia coli. Genes 2020, 11, 471. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Windgassen, T.A.; Wessel, S.R.; Bhattacharyya, B.; Keck, J.L. Mechanisms of bacterial DNA replication restart. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018, 46, 504–519. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bianco, P.R. The tale of SSB. Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol. 2017, 127, 111–118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Huang, Y.H.; Huang, C.Y. Structural insight into the DNA-binding mode of the primosomal proteins PriA, PriB, and DnaT. Biomed. Res. Int. 2014, 2014, 195162. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Huang, Y.H.; Huang, C.Y. C-terminal domain swapping of SSB changes the size of the ssDNA binding site. Biomed Res. Int. 2014, 2014, 573936. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Huang, Y.H.; Lien, Y.; Huang, C.C.; Huang, C.Y. Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus primosomal DnaD protein: Highly conserved C-terminal region is crucial for ssDNA and PriA helicase binding but not for DnaA protein-binding and self-tetramerization. PLoS ONE 2016, 11, e0157593. [Google Scholar]
- Otwinowski, Z.; Minor, W. Processing of X-ray Diffraction Data Collected in Oscillation Mode. Methods Enzymol. 1997, 276, 307–326. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- McCoy, A.J.; Grosse-Kunstleve, R.W.; Adams, P.D.; Winn, M.D.; Storoni, L.C.; Read, R.J. Phaser crystallographic software. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 2007, 40, 658–674. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Headd, J.J.; Echols, N.; Afonine, P.V.; Grosse-Kunstleve, R.W.; Chen, V.B.; Moriarty, N.W.; Richardson, D.C.; Richardson, J.S.; Adams, P.D. Use of knowledge-based restraints in phenix.refine to improve macromolecular refinement at low resolution. Acta Crystallogr. D Biol. Crystallogr. 2012, 68, 381–390. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Emsley, P.; Cowtan, K. Coot: Model-building tools for molecular graphics. Acta Crystallogr. D Biol. Crystallogr. 2004, 60, 2126–2132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Huang, C.Y. Determination of the binding site-size of the protein-DNA complex by use of the electrophoretic mobility shift assay. In Stoichiometry and Research-The Importance of Quantity in Biomedicine; Innocenti, A., Ed.; InTech Press: Rijeka, Croatia, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, X.; Yu, L.; Ye, S.; Xie, J.; Huang, X.; Zheng, K.; Sun, B. MOV10L1 Binds RNA G-Quadruplex in a Structure-Specific Manner and Resolves It More Efficiently Than MOV10. iScience 2019, 17, 36–48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Yu, L.; He, W.; Xie, J.; Guo, R.; Ni, J.; Zhang, X.; Xu, Q.; Wang, C.; Yue, Q.; Li, F.; et al. In Vitro Biochemical Assays using Biotin Labels to Study Protein-Nucleic Acid Interactions. J. Vis. Exp. 2019, 149, e59830. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
Data collection | |
Crystal | PaSSB-quercetin |
Wavelength (Å) | 0.975 |
Resolution (Å) | 30–2.32 |
Space group | P31 |
Cell dimension (Å) | a = 60.2, α = 90° |
b = 60.2, β = 90° | |
c = 131.4, γ = 120° | |
Completeness (%) | 99.9 (99.9) * |
<I/σI> | 18.12 (2.44) |
Rsym or Rmerge (%) | 0.064 (0.509) |
Redundancy | 3.2 (3.3) |
Refinement | |
Resolution (Å) | 27.80–2.32 |
No. reflections | 23090 |
Rwork/Rfree | 0.196/0.250 |
No. atoms | |
Protein | 392 |
Water | 64 |
R.m.s. deviation | |
Bond lengths (Å) | 0.008 |
Bond angles (°) | 0.885 |
Ramachandran plot | |
In preferred regions | 360 (96.77%) |
In allowed regions | 12 (3.23%) |
Outliers | 0 (0%) |
PDB entry | 7VUM |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Lin, E.-S.; Luo, R.-H.; Huang, C.-Y. A Complexed Crystal Structure of a Single-Stranded DNA-Binding Protein with Quercetin and the Structural Basis of Flavonol Inhibition Specificity. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 588. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23020588
Lin E-S, Luo R-H, Huang C-Y. A Complexed Crystal Structure of a Single-Stranded DNA-Binding Protein with Quercetin and the Structural Basis of Flavonol Inhibition Specificity. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(2):588. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23020588
Chicago/Turabian StyleLin, En-Shyh, Ren-Hong Luo, and Cheng-Yang Huang. 2022. "A Complexed Crystal Structure of a Single-Stranded DNA-Binding Protein with Quercetin and the Structural Basis of Flavonol Inhibition Specificity" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 2: 588. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23020588