Anthocyanin Biosynthesis Associated with Natural Variation in Autumn Leaf Coloration in Quercus aliena Accessions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Changes of Autumn Leaves in Q. aliena Accessions
2.2. Contents of Total Anthocyanins, Total Carotenoids, and Chlorophyll in Q. aliena Accessions
2.3. Expression of Genes Associated with Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Q. aliena
2.4. Homology Alignment and Phylogenetic Analysis of MYB Transcription Factors
3. Discussion
3.1. Anthocyanin Accumulation Causes Reddening of Leaves in Q. aliena Variants
3.2. Changes in Anthocyanin Biosynthesis Alter Leaf Color in Q. aliena Variants
3.3. QaMYB1 Probably Regulates Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Q. aliena
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Plant Material
4.2. Leaves Phenotypic Analysis
4.3. Analysis of Simple Sequence Repeat Markers
4.4. Measurement of Chlorophyll Fluorescence
4.5. Quantification of Total Anthocyanins, Total Carotenoids, Chlorophyll a, and Chlorophyll b
4.6. Cloning of Genes Associated with Anthocyanin Biosynthesis
4.7. Semi-Quantitative and Quantitative Gene Expression Analyses
4.8. Statistical Analyses
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Compound Class | Compound | Molecular Weight (g/mol) | QAC | QA1 | QA2 | QA3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cyanidin | Cyanidin 3-O-glucoside | 449.111 | 1.03 | 777.96 | 662.40 | 583.98 |
Cyanidin | Cyanidin 3-O-sambubioside | 581.15 | 0.03 | 76.49 | 57.03 | 10.56 |
Delphinidin | Delphinidin 3-O-glucoside | 465.10 | 0.35 | 3.86 | 3.03 | 36.74 |
Procyanidin | Procyanidin B1 | 578.14 | 49.52 | 191.28 | 195.87 | 130.92 |
Procyanidin | Procyanidin B3 | 578.14 | 133.55 | 521.95 | 481.77 | 229.01 |
Flavonoid | Quercetin 3-O-glucoside | 464.10 | 543.53 | 796.13 | 418.63 | 439.02 |
Gene | S2 Stage | S3 Stage | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ACs | QaMYB1 | QaMYB2 | QaMYB3 | QaWD40 | ACs | QaMYB1 | QaMYB2 | QaMYB3 | QaWD40 | |
QaPAL1 | 0.992 ** | 1.000 ** | 0.721 | 1.000 ** | 1.000 ** | 0.707 | 0.952 * | 0.865 | 0.980 * | 0.981 * |
QaPAL2 | 0.894 | 0.872 | 0.509 | 0.863 | 0.861 | 0.799 | 0.953 * | 0.729 | 0.871 | 0.908 |
Qa4CL1 | −0.556 | −0.511 | −0.959 * | −0.509 | −0.511 | −0.882 | −0.990 ** | −0.657 | −0.911 | −0.852 |
Qa4CL2 | 0.940 | 0.941 | 0.518 | 0.936 | 0.935 | 0.782 | 0.969 * | 0.785 | 0.926 | 0.944 |
QaCHS1 | 0.880 | 0.852 | 0.516 | 0.841 | 0.839 | 0.998 ** | 0.905 | 0.293 | 0.651 | 0.585 |
QaCHS2 | 0.992 ** | 1.000 ** | 0.711 | 1.000 ** | 1.000 ** | 0.745 | 0.958 * | 0.809 | 0.982 * | 0.935 |
QaCHI | 0.970 * | 0.952 * | 0.666 | 0.945 | 0.944 | 0.846 | 0.964 * | 0.674 | 0.850 | 0.876 |
QaF3H | 0.992 ** | 0.999 ** | 0.702 | 0.999 ** | 0.999 ** | 0.719 | 0.934 | 0.818 | 0.914 | 0.955 * |
QaF3′H | 0.946 | 0.935 | 0.569 | 0.929 | 0.927 | 0.961 * | 0.822 | 0.169 | 0.570 | 0.455 |
QaDFR1 | 0.993 ** | 1.000 ** | 0.714 | 1.000 ** | 1.000 ** | 0.721 | 0.943 | 0.812 | 0.983 * | 0.927 |
QaDFR2 | 0.993 ** | 1.000 ** | 0.722 | 1.000 ** | 1.000 ** | 0.601 | 0.900 | 0.924 | 0.996 ** | 0.991 ** |
QaDFR3 | 0.993 ** | 1.000 ** | 0.729 | 1.000 ** | 1.000 ** | 0.549 | 0.853 | 0.899 | 0.988 * | 0.941 |
QaANS1 | 0.971 * | 0.964 * | 0.619 | 0.959 * | 0.958 * | 0.946 | 0.988 * | 0.551 | 0.838 | 0.789 |
QaUFGT1 | 0.992 ** | 0.998 ** | 0.688 | 0.997 ** | 0.997 ** | 0.497 | 0.826 | 0.928 | 0.986 * | 0.950 * |
QaWD40 | 0.991 ** | 1.000 ** | 0.723 | 1.000 ** | 0.557 | 0.874 | 0.944 | 0.976 * | ||
QaMYB3 | 0.992 ** | 1.000 ** | 0.722 | 0.617 | 0.905 | 0.905 | ||||
QaMYB2 | 0.766 | 0.725 | 0.257 | 0.671 | ||||||
QaMYB1 | 0.994 ** | 0.889 |
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Yang, X.; Yang, N.; Zhang, Q.; Pei, Z.; Chang, M.; Zhou, H.; Ge, Y.; Yang, Q.; Li, G. Anthocyanin Biosynthesis Associated with Natural Variation in Autumn Leaf Coloration in Quercus aliena Accessions. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 12179. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232012179
Yang X, Yang N, Zhang Q, Pei Z, Chang M, Zhou H, Ge Y, Yang Q, Li G. Anthocyanin Biosynthesis Associated with Natural Variation in Autumn Leaf Coloration in Quercus aliena Accessions. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(20):12179. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232012179
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Xiong, Ning Yang, Qian Zhang, Ziqi Pei, Muxi Chang, Huirong Zhou, Yaoyao Ge, Qinsong Yang, and Guolei Li. 2022. "Anthocyanin Biosynthesis Associated with Natural Variation in Autumn Leaf Coloration in Quercus aliena Accessions" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 20: 12179. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232012179