Intact Type I Interferon Receptor Signaling Prevents Hepatocellular Necrosis but Not Encephalitis in a Dose-Dependent Manner in Rift Valley Fever Virus Infected Mice
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Survival and Clinical Signs
2.2. Histology
2.3. Immunohistochemistry and Immunofluorescence
2.4. Reverse Transcription-Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR)
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Animal Experiment
4.2. RNA Isolation and RT-qPCR
4.3. Histology, Immunohistochemistry and Immunofluorescence
4.4. Statistical Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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WT | IFNAR−/− | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Infection Dose | 104 PFU (n = 5, 7–21 dpi) * | 103 PFU (n = 10, 21 dpi) | 103 PFU (n = 10, 2–21 dpi) ** | |||
Staining | HE | RVF-Ag | HE | RVF-Ag | HE | RVF-Ag |
Brain | multifocal neuronal necrosis of varying severity (n = 4) multifocal mild (n = 2) to moderate (n = 2) leptomeningitis | many neurons (n = 4) | focal mild meningitis (n = 2) | n.d. | focal mild neuronal necrosis (n = 1) multifocal mild meningitis (n = 2) | few neurons (n = 1) |
Spinal cord | multifocal mild neuronal necrosis (n = 2) | many neurons (n = 2) | n.s.m.l. | n.d. | n.s.m.l. | n.d. |
Liver | n.s.m.l. | n.d. | n.s.m.l. | n.d. | diffuse hepatocellular necrosis (n = 5) | many hepatocytes (n = 5) |
Nose | n.s.m.l. | n.d. | n.s.m.l. | n.d. | multifocal mild necro-suppurative rhinitis | single cells in olfactory and respiratory mucosa (n = 1) |
Spleen | n.s.m.l. | n.d. | n.s.m.l. | n.d. | multifocal lymphocyte necrosis (n = 5) | many lymphocytes (n = 5) |
Blood vessels | n.s.m.l. | n.d. | n.s.m.l. | n.d. | n.s.m.l. | many monocytes (n = 5) |
Bone marrow | n.s.m.l. | n.d. | n.s.m.l. | n.d. | n.s.m.l. | many hematopoietic precursor cells (n = 5) |
Antigen | Host Species | Pretreatment | Dilution | Supplier |
---|---|---|---|---|
CD3 (T lymphocyte) | rabbit | microwave, citrate buffer, 20 min | 1:2000 | DakoCytomation, Hamburg, Germany |
CD45R (B lymphocyte) | rat | microwave, citrate buffer, 20 min | 1:1000 | Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, USA |
Cleaved caspase 3 (apoptotic cells) | rabbit | microwave, citrate buffer, 20 min | 1:200 | Cell Signaling Technology, Cambridge, UK |
Entactin/Nidogen-1 | rabbit | microwave, citrate buffer, 20 min | 1:3000 | Abcam, Cambridge, UK |
GFAP (astrocyte) | rabbit | None | 1:1000 | DakoCytomation, Hamburg, Germany |
Iba-1 (macrophage/microglia) | rabbit | microwave, citrate buffer, 20 min | 1:1000 | Wako Chemicals, Richmond, USA |
Laminin | rabbit | None | 1:50 | Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH, Taufkirchen, Germany |
Non-phosphorylated neurofilament | mouse | microwave, citrate buffer, 20 min | 1:2000 | BioLegend, San Diego, USA |
RVFV nucleoprotein | sheep | None | 1:50,000 | Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Greifswald, Germany [70] |
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Michaely, L.M.; Schuwerk, L.; Allnoch, L.; Schön, K.; Waltl, I.; Larsen, P.-K.; Pavlou, A.; Prajeeth, C.K.; Rimmelzwaan, G.F.; Becker, S.C.; et al. Intact Type I Interferon Receptor Signaling Prevents Hepatocellular Necrosis but Not Encephalitis in a Dose-Dependent Manner in Rift Valley Fever Virus Infected Mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 12492. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232012492
Michaely LM, Schuwerk L, Allnoch L, Schön K, Waltl I, Larsen P-K, Pavlou A, Prajeeth CK, Rimmelzwaan GF, Becker SC, et al. Intact Type I Interferon Receptor Signaling Prevents Hepatocellular Necrosis but Not Encephalitis in a Dose-Dependent Manner in Rift Valley Fever Virus Infected Mice. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(20):12492. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232012492
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichaely, Lukas Mathias, Lukas Schuwerk, Lisa Allnoch, Kathleen Schön, Inken Waltl, Pia-Katharina Larsen, Andreas Pavlou, Chittappen Kandiyil Prajeeth, Guus F. Rimmelzwaan, Stefanie C. Becker, and et al. 2022. "Intact Type I Interferon Receptor Signaling Prevents Hepatocellular Necrosis but Not Encephalitis in a Dose-Dependent Manner in Rift Valley Fever Virus Infected Mice" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 20: 12492. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232012492