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Volume 23
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10.3390/ijms232214124
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Article

Oxygenated Water Increases Seizure Threshold in Various Rodent Seizure Models

by
Hyeok Hee Kwon
1,2,3,†,
Seung Yeon Jung
3,4,†,
Hyewon Park
1,2,
Hyo Jung Shin
1,2,5,
Dong Woon Kim
1,2,5,
Hee-Jung Song
1,5,6,* and
Joon Won Kang
1,3,4,5,*
1
Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
2
Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
3
Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
4
Department of Pediatrics, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
5
Brain Research Institute, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
6
Department of Neurology, Chungnam National University Sejong Hospital and College of Medicine, Sejong 30099, Republic of Korea
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(22), 14124; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232214124
Submission received: 11 October 2022 / Revised: 11 November 2022 / Accepted: 12 November 2022 / Published: 16 November 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanisms and Interventions for Neurological and Psychological Disorders)
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Abstract

Oxygenated water (OW) contains more oxygen than normal drinking water. It may induce oxygen enrichment in the blood and reduce oxidative stress. Hypoxia and oxidative stress could be involved in epilepsy. We aimed to examine the effects of OW-treated vs. control on four rodent models of epilepsy: (1) prenatal betamethasone priming with postnatal N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-triggered spasm, (2) no prenatal betamethasone, (3) repetitive kainate injection, and (4) intraperitoneal pilocarpine. We evaluated, in (1) and (2), the latency to onset and the total number of spasms; (3) the number of kainate injections required to induce epileptic seizures; (4) spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS) (numbers and duration). In model (1), the OW-treated group showed significantly increased latency to onset and a decreased total number of spasms; in (2), OW completely inhibited spasms; in (3), the OW-treated group showed a significantly decreased number of injections required to induce epileptic seizures; and in (4), in the OW-treated group, the duration of a single SRS was significantly reduced. In summary, OW may increase the seizure threshold. Although the underlying mechanism remains unclear, OW may provide an adjunctive alternative for patients with refractory epilepsy.
Keywords: epilepsy; oxygenated water; spasms; kainic acid; pilocarpine epilepsy; oxygenated water; spasms; kainic acid; pilocarpine

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MDPI and ACS Style

Kwon, H.H.; Jung, S.Y.; Park, H.; Shin, H.J.; Kim, D.W.; Song, H.-J.; Kang, J.W. Oxygenated Water Increases Seizure Threshold in Various Rodent Seizure Models. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 14124. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232214124

AMA Style

Kwon HH, Jung SY, Park H, Shin HJ, Kim DW, Song H-J, Kang JW. Oxygenated Water Increases Seizure Threshold in Various Rodent Seizure Models. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(22):14124. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232214124

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kwon, Hyeok Hee, Seung Yeon Jung, Hyewon Park, Hyo Jung Shin, Dong Woon Kim, Hee-Jung Song, and Joon Won Kang. 2022. "Oxygenated Water Increases Seizure Threshold in Various Rodent Seizure Models" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 22: 14124. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232214124

APA Style

Kwon, H. H., Jung, S. Y., Park, H., Shin, H. J., Kim, D. W., Song, H.-J., & Kang, J. W. (2022). Oxygenated Water Increases Seizure Threshold in Various Rodent Seizure Models. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(22), 14124. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232214124

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