Ketone Bodies as Metabolites and Signalling Molecules at the Crossroad between Inflammation and Epigenetic Control of Cardiometabolic Disorders
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Biology of Ketone Bodies
2.1. Ketogenic and Ketolytic Metabolic Pathways
2.2. Ketone Bodies as Epigenetic Modifiers
2.3. The Biochemical Basis of Histone β-Hydroxybutyrylation
2.4. BHB and Ketone Bodies as Signalling Mediators
3. Ketone Bodies as an Alternative Fuel for the Heart
3.1. Cardiovascular Disease and Endothelial Damage Can Be Alleviated by Ketone Bodies
3.2. Potential Therapeutic Actions of the Ketogenic Diet
3.3. The Role of Ketone Bodies in Inflammatory Disease
4. The Effects of a Ketogenic Diet on Inflammation-Dependent Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Risk
4.1. The Effects of the Ketogenic Diet on the Inflammasome
4.2. Targeting Cardiac Dysfunction with Ketone Bodies
5. Conclusions and Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Bendridi, N.; Selmi, A.; Balcerczyk, A.; Pirola, L. Ketone Bodies as Metabolites and Signalling Molecules at the Crossroad between Inflammation and Epigenetic Control of Cardiometabolic Disorders. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 14564. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232314564
Bendridi N, Selmi A, Balcerczyk A, Pirola L. Ketone Bodies as Metabolites and Signalling Molecules at the Crossroad between Inflammation and Epigenetic Control of Cardiometabolic Disorders. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(23):14564. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232314564
Chicago/Turabian StyleBendridi, Nadia, Anna Selmi, Aneta Balcerczyk, and Luciano Pirola. 2022. "Ketone Bodies as Metabolites and Signalling Molecules at the Crossroad between Inflammation and Epigenetic Control of Cardiometabolic Disorders" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 23: 14564. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232314564