Extracellular Vesicles in Regenerative Processes Associated with Muscle Injury Recovery of Professional Athletes Undergoing Sub Maximal Strength Rehabilitation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Peripheral Blood EV Identification and Count in Athletes Recovering from Muscle Injuries
2.2. Phenotypes of PRP-EVs
2.3. Proteomic Characterization of the PRP-EV Cargo
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Patients
4.2. Flow Cytometry Identification, Count, and Subtyping of EVs from Peripheral Blood Samples
4.3. Flow Cytometry Gating Strategy
4.4. Platelet-Enriched Plasma Preparation
4.5. EV Separation by Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting
4.6. EV Protein Cargo Detection by Label-Free Proteomics
4.7. Statistical Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Protein UniProt Code | Gene Name | Protein Name | Protein Class | Functional Network Interaction |
---|---|---|---|---|
P01834 | IGKC | Immunoglobulin kappa constant | defense/immunity protein | - |
P01860 | IGHG3 | Immunoglobulin heavy constant gamma 3 | defense/immunity protein | - |
A0A0C4DH42 | IGHV3–66 | Immunoglobulin heavy variable 3–66 | defense/immunity protein | - |
P0DOY3 | IGLC3 | Immunoglobulin lambda constant 3 | defense/immunity protein | - |
P0DP04 | IGHV3–43D | Immunoglobulin heavy variable 3–43D | defense/immunity protein | VT |
P01857 | IGHG1 | Immunoglobulin heavy constant gamma 1 | defense/immunity protein | - |
P02749 | APOH | Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 | defense/immunity protein | VT |
P01876 | IGHA1 | Immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1 | defense/immunity protein | - |
P0DP01 | IGHV1–8 | Immunoglobulin heavy variable 1–8 | defense/immunity protein | - |
P25311 | AZGP1 | Zinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein | defense/immunity protein | - |
A0A075B7B8 | IGHV3OR16–12 | Immunoglobulin heavy variable 3/OR16–12 (non-functional) | defense/immunity protein | - |
P01871 | IGHM | Immunoglobulin heavy constant mu | defense/immunity protein | - |
A0A0C4DH31 | HV1–18 | Immunoglobulin heavy variable 1–18 | defense/immunity protein | - |
P08603 | CFH | Complement factor H | defense/immunity protein | - |
P0DP08 | IGHV4–38–2 | Immunoglobulin heavy variable 4–38–2 | defense/immunity protein | VT |
P0DP03 | HV3–30–5 | Immunoglobulin heavy variable 3–30–5 | defense/immunity protein | - |
P01591 | IGJ | Immunoglobulin J chain | defense/immunity protein | VT |
P04003 | C4BPA | C4b-binding protein alpha chain | defense/immunity protein | VT |
A2NJV5 | KV2–29 | Immunoglobulin kappa variable 2–29 | defense/immunity protein | - |
P0CG04 | IGLL5 | Immunoglobulin lambda like polypeptide 5 | defense/immunity protein | VT |
P01861 | IGHG4 | Immunoglobulin heavy constant gamma 4 | defense/immunity protein | - |
P01619 | KV320 | Immunoglobulin kappa variable 3–20 | defense/immunity protein | - |
A0A0B4J1V6 | HV373 | Immunoglobulin heavy variable 3–73 | defense/immunity protein | - |
P07357 | C8A | Complement component C8 alpha chain | defense/immunity protein | - |
Q96PD5 | PGLYRP2 | N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase | defense/immunity protein | - |
P01877 | IGHA2 | Immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 2 | defense/immunity protein | - |
P01859 | IGHG2 | Immunoglobulin heavy constant gamma 2 | defense/immunity protein | - |
Q0VDD8 | DNAH14 | Dynein axonemal heavy chain 14 | cytoskeletal protein | - |
Q8TF72 | SHROOM3 | Protein Shroom3 | cytoskeletal protein | - |
Q13835 | PKP1 | Plakophilin-1 | cytoskeletal protein | VT |
P15924 | DSP | Desmoplakin | cytoskeletal protein | WH, VT |
P63261 | ACTG1 | Actin, cytoplasmic 2 | cytoskeletal protein | WH, VT |
P69905 | HBA2 | Hemoglobin subunit alpha 2 | transfer/carrier protein | VT |
P68871 | HBB | Hemoglobin subunit beta | transfer/carrier protein | WH, VT |
P02787 | TF | Serotransferrin | transfer/carrier protein | VT |
P02042 | HBD | Hemoglobin subunit delta | transfer/carrier protein | WH |
P02656 | APOC3 | Apolipoprotein C-III | transfer/carrier protein | - |
P02774 | GC | Vitamin D-binding protein | transfer/carrier protein | - |
P04114 | APOB | Apolipoprotein B-100 | transfer/carrier protein | VT |
P05090 | APOD | Apolipoprotein D | transfer/carrier protein | - |
P43652 | AFM | Afamin | transfer/carrier protein | - |
P06727 | APOA4 | Apolipoprotein A-IV | transfer/carrier protein | - |
P02649 | APOE | Apolipoprotein E | transfer/carrier protein | WH, VT |
P02652 | APOA2 | Apolipoprotein A-II | transfer/carrier protein | - |
P02647 | APOA1 | Apolipoprotein A-I | transfer/carrier protein | VT |
P00738 | HP | Haptoglobin | protein-modifying enzyme | VT |
P00734 | F2 | Prothrombin | protein-modifying enzyme | WH, VT |
P00747 | PLG | Plasminogen | protein-modifying enzyme | WH, VT |
P31944 | CASP14 | Caspase-14 | protein-modifying enzyme | - |
P02790 | HPX | Hemopexin | protein-modifying enzyme | VT |
P02675 | FGB | Fibrinogen beta chain | intercellular signal molecules | WH, VT |
P02679 | FGG | Fibrinogen gamma chain | intercellular signal molecules | WH, VT |
P01024 | C3 | Complement C3 | protein-binding activity modulator | VT |
P01009 | SERPINA1 | Alpha-1-antitrypsin | protein-binding activity modulator | WH, VT |
P19827 | ITIH1 | Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H1 | protein-binding activity modulator | - |
P01011 | GIG25 | Serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade A (alpha-1 antiproteinase, antitrypsin), member 3 | protein-binding activity modulator | VT |
P01042 | KNG1 | Kininogen-1 | protein-binding activity modulator | WH, VT |
P01008 | SERPINC1 | Antithrombin-III | protein-binding activity modulator | WH |
P19823 | ITIH2 | Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H2 | protein-binding activity modulator | - |
P01019 | AGT | Angiotensinogen | protein-binding activity modulator | - |
P05155 | SERPING1 | Plasma protease C1 inhibitor | protein-binding activity modulator | WH, VT |
P0C0L5 | C4B | Complement C4-B | protein-binding activity modulator | - |
P01031 | C5 | Complement C5 | protein-binding activity modulator | - |
Q14624 | ITIH4 | Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H4 | protein-binding activity modulator | VT |
P05546 | SERPIND1 | Heparin cofactor 2 | protein-binding activity modulator | WH |
P08185 | SERPINA6 | Corticosteroid-binding globulin | protein-binding activity modulator | - |
P01023 | A2M | Alpha-2-macroglobulin | protein-binding activity modulator | WH, VT |
P02452 | COL1A1 | Collagen alpha-1(I) chain | extracellular matrix protein | WH, VT |
P02751 | FN1 | Fibronectin type III domain containing | extracellular matrix protein | VT |
P08123 | COL1A2 | Collagen alpha-2(I) chain | extracellular matrix protein | WH, VT |
P06702 | S100A9 | Protein S100-A9 | calcium-binding protein | VT |
P07355 | ANXA2 | Annexin A2 | calcium-binding protein | WH, VT |
P05109 | S100A8 | Protein S100-A8 | calcium-binding protein | WH, VT |
P00915 | CA1 | Carbonic anhydrase 1 | metabolite interconversion enzyme | - |
P00918 | CA2 | Carbonic anhydrase 2 | metabolite interconversion enzyme | - |
P02766 | TTR | Transthyretin | metabolite interconversion enzyme | VT |
P32119 | PRDX2 | Peroxiredoxin-2 | metabolite interconversion enzyme | WH |
P04406 | GAPDH | Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase | metabolite interconversion enzyme | - |
P04040 | CAT | Catalase | metabolite interconversion enzyme | VT |
Q08188 | TGM3 | Protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase E | metabolite interconversion enzyme | - |
P00450 | CP | Ceruloplasmin | metabolite interconversion enzyme | - |
P02747 | C1QC | Complement C1q subcomponent subunit C | scaffold/adaptor protein | - |
P31947 | SFN | 14–3–3 protein sigma | scaffold/adaptor protein | VT |
P63104 | YWHAZ | 14–3–3 protein zeta/delta | scaffold/adaptor protein | WH, VT |
O75882 | ATRN | Attractin | gene-specific transcriptional regulator | - |
Q08554 | DSC1 | Desmocollin-1 | cell adhesion molecule | VT |
Q02413 | DSG1 | Desmoglein-1 | cell adhesion molecule | VT |
P12273 | PIP | Prolactin induced protein | - | - |
P02763 | ORM1 | Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 1 | - | VT |
P02671 | FGA | Fibrinogen alpha chain | - | WH, VT |
S4R460 | ENSG00000259680 | Uncharacterized protein | - | - |
P81605 | DCD | Dermcidin | - | - |
P10909 | CLU | Clusterin | - | VT |
P02760 | AMBP | Protein AMBP | - | VT |
P04217 | A1BG | Alpha-1B-glycoprotein | - | VT |
P27169 | PON1 | Serum paraoxonase/arylesterase 1 | - | - |
O43866 | CD5L | CD5 antigen-like | - | VT |
P04004 | VTN | Vitronectin | - | WH, VT |
P62987 | UBA52 | Ubiquitin-60S ribosomal protein L40 | - | VT |
P00751 | CFB | Complement factor B | - | - |
O75223 | GGCT | Gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase | - | - |
P14923 | JUP | Junction plakoglobin | - | VT |
Q32MH5 | FAM214A | Protein FAM214A | - | - |
Q5T749 | KPRP | Keratinocyte proline rich protein | - | - |
Q5TA81 | LCE2C | Late cornified envelope protein 2C | - | - |
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Catitti, G.; Cufaro, M.C.; De Bellis, D.; Cicalini, I.; Vespa, S.; Tonelli, F.; Miscia, G.; Secondi, L.; Simeone, P.; De Laurenzi, V.; et al. Extracellular Vesicles in Regenerative Processes Associated with Muscle Injury Recovery of Professional Athletes Undergoing Sub Maximal Strength Rehabilitation. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 14913. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232314913
Catitti G, Cufaro MC, De Bellis D, Cicalini I, Vespa S, Tonelli F, Miscia G, Secondi L, Simeone P, De Laurenzi V, et al. Extracellular Vesicles in Regenerative Processes Associated with Muscle Injury Recovery of Professional Athletes Undergoing Sub Maximal Strength Rehabilitation. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(23):14913. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232314913
Chicago/Turabian StyleCatitti, Giulia, Maria Concetta Cufaro, Domenico De Bellis, Ilaria Cicalini, Simone Vespa, Federico Tonelli, Giulia Miscia, Lorenzo Secondi, Pasquale Simeone, Vincenzo De Laurenzi, and et al. 2022. "Extracellular Vesicles in Regenerative Processes Associated with Muscle Injury Recovery of Professional Athletes Undergoing Sub Maximal Strength Rehabilitation" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 23: 14913. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232314913