Modulating the Activity of Androgen Receptor for Treating Breast Cancer
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Different Roles of AR in Breast Cancer
3. Modulating the Activity of AR as Breast Cancer Treatment
3.1. Activation of AR Can Suppress ERα+ve Breast Cancer
3.2. Blocking of AR Can Suppress ERα-ve Breast Cancer
3.2.1. Evidence from Clinical Studies
3.2.2. Evidence from Pre-Clinical Studies
4. Challenges in Targeting AR for Breast Cancer Treatment
4.1. Lacking Consensus on Defining the AR Positivity in Breast Cancer Hampers the Clinical Diagnosis of the Marker in the Patients
Anti-AR Antibody | Definitions of AR Positivity | Company; Catalog Number | References |
---|---|---|---|
AR441 | Nuclear stained ≥ 10% | Thermo Scientific, Fremont, CA, USA; MA5-13426 | [25] |
Nuclear stained ≥ 1% | Dako, Glostrup, Denmark; M3562 | [24,26,30,32,67,69] | |
H-score > 10 | [70] | ||
Nuclear stained ≥ 75% | [71] | ||
Nuclear stained ≥ 10% | [72] | ||
F39.4.1 | H-score ≥ 190 | BioGenex, Fremont, CA, USA; AM256-5ME | [23] |
≥1% # | [73] | ||
AR27 | Nuclear stained ≥ 10% | Leica, Newcastle, UK; AR-318-L-CE | [74] |
SP107 | Nuclear stained ≥ 1% and ≥10% | Cell Marque, Rocklin, CA, USA; 200R-14 | [75] |
EP120 | Nuclear stained ≥ 10% | ZSGB, Beijing, China; ZA-0554 | [76] |
EPR1535 (2) | ≥10% # | Abcam, Cambridge, UK; ab133273 | [77] |
ER179 (2) | Nuclear stained ≥ 1% | Epitomics, Burlingame, CA, USA; 3184-1 | [31] |
4.2. The AR Splice Variants (AR-Vs) Might Affect the Outcomes of AR-Targeting Therapies
4.3. High Expression Levels of AR in ERα+ve Patients May also Lead to Poor Prognosis in Disease Management
4.4. The Current Molecular Subtyping of Breast Cancer May Not Reflect the Role of AR Accurately in Breast Cancer
4.5. Side Effects of Modulating AR Activity
5. Future Perspectives
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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You, C.-P.; Tsoi, H.; Man, E.P.S.; Leung, M.-H.; Khoo, U.-S. Modulating the Activity of Androgen Receptor for Treating Breast Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 15342. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232315342
You C-P, Tsoi H, Man EPS, Leung M-H, Khoo U-S. Modulating the Activity of Androgen Receptor for Treating Breast Cancer. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(23):15342. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232315342
Chicago/Turabian StyleYou, Chan-Ping, Ho Tsoi, Ellen P. S. Man, Man-Hong Leung, and Ui-Soon Khoo. 2022. "Modulating the Activity of Androgen Receptor for Treating Breast Cancer" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 23: 15342. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232315342