Application of Metabolic Reprogramming to Cancer Imaging and Diagnosis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Imaging Platforms for Coimaging with Metabolites
2.1. Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
2.2. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
3. Radiotracers Available for Cancer and Disease
3.1. Glucose
3.2. Pyruvate
3.3. Galactose
3.4. Choline
3.5. Acetate
3.6. Pivalic Acid
3.7. Cyclobutanecarboxylic Acid
3.8. Methionine
3.9. Glutamine
3.10. Fluoropropyl-L-Glutamic Acid (FSPG)
3.11. L-Tyrosine
3.12. Thymidine
3.13. Dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA)
3.14. Glucosamine
4. Hypoxia-Targeted Tracers
4.1. Diacetyl-bis (N4-Methylthiosemicarbazone)
2-nitroimidazole
4.2. Azomycin Arabinoside
4.3. Future Prospects
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Tracer | Metabolites | Major Applications | Radiolabeling | Functions |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) | Glucose analogue | Multiple cancers | 18F | Carbohydrate metabolism |
Pyruvate | Pyruvate | Multiple cancers | 11C | Carbohydrate metabolism |
Fluorodeoxygalactose (FDGal) | Galactose analogue | HCC | 18F | Carbohydrate metabolism |
Choline | Choline | HCC, prostate, parathyroid, cholangiocarcinoma | 11C, 18F | Phospholipid metabolism |
Acetate | Acetate | Prostate cancer | 11C | Lipid biosynthesis |
Fluoro-2,2-dimethylpropionic acid (FPIA) | Carboxylic acid | Solid tumor | 18F | Lipid biosynthesis |
Fluciclovine (FACBC) | L-leucine analogue | Prostate, myeloma | 18F | Amino acid biosynthesis |
Methionine (MET) | Methionine | Glioma, germinoma, myeloma, oral | 11C | Amino acid biosynthesis |
Glutamine | Glutamine | Paraganglioma, pheochromocytoma, metastatic renal, breast, glioma.etc | 11C, (18F) * | Amino acid biosynthesis |
Fluoropropyl-L-glutamic acid (FSPG) | Glutamate analogue | Head and neck, colorectal, non-Hodgkin lymphoma | 18F | Amino acid biosynthesis |
Fluoroethylthyrosine (FET) | L-tyrosine | GBM, gliomas | 18F | Amino acid biosynthesis |
Fluorothymidine (FLT) | Thymidine | Pancreases, Gliomas, NSCLC | 11C, 18F | Nucleotide biosynthesis |
Dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) | Phenylalanine, precursor of dopamine | Neuroendocrine tumor, parkinsonian syndromes | 18F | Neurotransmitter metabolism |
N-(methyl-(2-fluoroethyl)-1H-[1,2,3]triazole-4-yl)glucosamine (NFTG) | Glucosamine analogue | Quiescent cells | 18F | Glycogen metabolism |
Fluromisonidazole (FMISO) | Nitroimidazole analogue | Head and neck, breast, brain, cardiac hypoxia imaging | 18F | Hypoxia status |
Luoroazomycin arabinoside (FAZA) | Nitroimidazole analogue | Lung, Sarcoma | 18F | Hypoxia status |
Diacetyl-bis (N4-methylthiosemicarbazone) (ATSM) | Copper | colon carcinoma, brain | 62Cu, 64Cu | Hypoxia status (Commonly used hypoxia sensors but not for metabolic applications) |
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Yang, Y.-F.; Li, C.-H.; Cai, H.-Y.; Lin, B.-S.; Kim, C.-H.; Chang, Y.-C. Application of Metabolic Reprogramming to Cancer Imaging and Diagnosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 15831. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232415831
Yang Y-F, Li C-H, Cai H-Y, Lin B-S, Kim C-H, Chang Y-C. Application of Metabolic Reprogramming to Cancer Imaging and Diagnosis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(24):15831. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232415831
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Yi-Fang, Chien-Hsiu Li, Huei-Yu Cai, Bo-Syuan Lin, Cheorl-Ho Kim, and Yu-Chan Chang. 2022. "Application of Metabolic Reprogramming to Cancer Imaging and Diagnosis" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 24: 15831. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232415831