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Article

Anion-Controlled Synthesis of Novel Guanidine-Substituted Oxanorbornanes

by
Luka Barešić
,
Davor Margetić
* and
Zoran Glasovac
*
Laboratory for Physical Organic Chemistry, Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(24), 16036; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232416036
Submission received: 10 November 2022 / Revised: 8 December 2022 / Accepted: 13 December 2022 / Published: 16 December 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics 2022)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
The cycloaddition of simple alkyl-substituted guanidine derivatives is an interesting approach toward polycyclic superbases and guanidine-based organocatalysts. Due to the high nucleophilicity of guanidines, an aza-Michael reaction with dienophiles is more common and presents a huge obstacle in achieving the desired synthetic goal. Our preliminary investigations indicated that the proton could act as a suitable protecting group to regulate the directionality of the reaction. To investigate the role of the protonation state and type of anion, the reactivity of furfuryl guanidines with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate was explored. Furfuryl guanidines showed a strong reaction dependence on the nucleophilicity of the counterion and the structure of guanidine. While the reaction of DMAD with the guanidinium halides provided products of an aza-Michael addition, Diels–Alder cycloaddition occurred if non-nucleophilic hexafluorophosphate salts were used. Depending on the structure and the reaction conditions, oxanorbornadiene products underwent subsequent intramolecular cyclization. A tendency toward intramolecular cyclization was interpreted in terms of the pKa of different positions of the guanidine functionality in oxanorbornadienes. New polycyclic guanidines had a slightly decreased pKa in acetonitrile and well-defined geometry suitable for the buildup of selective sensors.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Oxanorbornane is a well-recognized rigid bicyclic moiety present in many naturally occurring compounds [1]. It is often used as the rigid subunit in the construction of biologically and technologically interesting molecules—glycomimetics [2], β-turn inducers [3], amphiphilic systems for drug delivery [4], anion transporting polymers [5], self-healing polymers [6,7], etc. Substituted oxanorbornanes are readily prepared by a variety of methods, of which the cycloaddition/hydrogenation sequence starting from (un)substituted furans is the most common [1]. This synthetic approach could be considered ecofriendly due to the combination of two reactions with perfect atom economy and the usage of bioavailable furan derivatives.
The rigidity of oxanorbornanes [8] ensures a well-defined orientation of the substituents that were used in designing novel molecular systems with enhanced recognition capabilities [9,10]. In that sense, guanidines are promising subunits that are well-known for their high basicity and binding capabilities regardless of whether they were used as organocatalysts [11,12] or as substrate-binding moieties within a larger system [13,14]. In both cases, guanidine activity primarily originates from their high tendency to create a functional group pairing through the formation of multiple charge-assisted hydrogen bonds [15].
Although the chemistry of oxanorbornanes is well developed, guanidine-containing derivatives are rather scarce in the literature. Their preparation is limited to a postfunctionalization of the cycloadducts and encompasses at least one protection/deprotection step [5]. Employing the guanidine-substituted dienes or dienophiles directly in the cycloaddition reaction renders these steps unnecessary. The main obstacle to this approach is the well-known tendency of guanidines to undergo aza-Michael addition to activated olefins. Namely, less substituted derivatives usually undergo aza-Michael addition to acrylates [16], maleimides [17], or dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (DMAD) [18,19], and it is often associated with cyclization to imidazolidin-4-one derivatives [16,20]. The addition of persubstituted guanidines to the dienophiles was also confirmed to be a reversible process [21], and in some instances, the guanidines were even used as catalysts for the cycloaddition reactions [22]. Furthermore, the mechanism of formal Diels–Alder reactions of guanidine-derived heterodienes with various dienophiles has been interpreted as a tandem nucleophilic addition/cyclization process [23]. Our interest in guanidine chemistry is focused on derivatives with at least two NH bonds available for the recognition and substrate binding, and investigating this requires a proper approach to highly selective guanidine/dienophile cycloaddition chemistry.
We recently conducted preliminary experiments on the cycloaddition of trisubstituted guanidines to N-phenylmaleimide (NPMI) and obtained creatinine derivatives as a consequence of a tandem Michael addition/imide ring-opening reaction (Figure 1) [24]. On the other hand, when the reaction was conducted with guanidinium salts, cycloaddition occurred smoothly without any indication of a significant side reaction. Apparently, using a proton as the protecting group works well with maleimide derivatives to prevent Michael additions. While being highly encouraging, a lack of selectivity toward exo or endo cycloaddition products turned our attention to DMAD as the dienophile. Namely, the hydrogenation of oxanorbornadienes obtained by the cycloaddition of furans with DMAD proceeds in a diastereospecific manner producing endo-oxanorbornane products only [25]. Diastereospecific synthesis is essential for the future construction of the target organocatalysts and receptors based on guanidine-substituted oxanorbornanes.
In this work, the impact of the anion selection on the discrimination between the cycloaddition and aza-Michael addition as a typical concurrent reaction is described (Figure 1). Starting from furfuryl guanidinium hexafluorophosphates and DMAD, the successful synthesis of several guanidine-substituted oxanorbornadienes was achieved. Depending on the structure of the diene, polycyclic (condensed) guanidinooxanorbornenes were formed.

2. Results and Discussion

The synthesis of oxanorbornanes containing a guanidine moiety was performed starting with furfuryl amine as a bioavailable starting molecule (Scheme 1) [26]. Furfurylamine was first converted to the furfuryl guanidinium salt [27], which could be considered the “proton protected” [28] guanidine. Our initial attempts of cycloadditions of DMAD with guanidinium chlorides or iodides did not provide any trace of target oxanorbornadienes. Instead, different products of aza-Michael addition/cyclization (AMA/CYC) reactions were formed (see Section 2.2).
The usage of guanidinium salts with a weakly nucleophilic hexafluorophosphate anion resulted in the formation of the target oxanorbornadienes 4(a–f)·HPF6 without any trace of the imidazolidinone-type products. The best results were obtained with MW heating the reaction mixture at 100 °C for 1 h. To achieve the complete conversion of the starting guanidine 3(a–f)·HPF6 to 4(a−f)·HPF6, the reactant ratio of guanidine DMAD = 1:6 was used. Lower ratios resulted in incomplete conversion after 1 h of reaction time. Prolonged heating or a higher temperature led to an increased amount of polymeric material. The reaction conditions, product ratios, and unoptimized yields are given in Table 1. In certain cases, products were isolated in the hydrogenated form either to reveal the isolation as the origin of the relatively low yields (entries 14 and 16) or to avoid product decomposition (entry 17). The hydrogenation of 4b·HPF6 proceeded smoothly providing similar overall yields of oxanorbornadiene or oxanorbornane products (entries 5 and 6).
Together with the expected formation of oxanorbornadienes 4x·HPF6, cyclization to the novel three or tetracyclic derivatives 5x·HPF6 was also identified (Scheme 1), leading to the interesting cycloaddition/intramolecular cyclization (CA/IMC) tandem approach to the novel polycyclic guanidines. The formation of the polycyclic derivatives 5x·HPF6 was attributed to the classical Diels–Alder [4+2] reaction followed by intramolecular aza-Michael addition. The latter reaction took place via the nucleophilic attack of the guanidine nitrogen atom even though it was protonated. Generally, oxanorbornadienes are known to react with nucleophiles, which can result in the promoted retro-DA process [29]. In our case, no appearance of new furan signals that would indicate a retro-DA process was observed.
Of all target oxanorbornadienes, diisopropyl derivative 4b·HPF6 did not show any tendency toward intramolecular cyclization. For other derivatives, the ratio of 4x/5x was found to be highly sensitive toward the amount of moisture, usage of protic solvents, and aging of the starting material (presumably due to partial hydrolysis of the hexafluorophosphate anion). Upon using freshly prepared and carefully dried 3d·HPF6, only a cycloadduct was formed as indicated by the NMR spectrum, while the amount of the polycyclic product 5d·HPF6 was below the detection limit. In the case of 3c·HPF6, even freshly prepared guanidine produced approximately 10% of the tetracyclic derivative 5c·HPF6. If guanidine salt 3c·HPF6 aged for 1 month was used, the ratio of the product 5c·HPF6 increased to 22.5% (Table 1, entries 8 and 9). An even more pronounced difference was observed in the cycloaddition of 3a·HPF6, where an almost 1: 1 ratio was obtained (Table 1, entry 2). In addition to promoting intramolecular cyclization, the usage of the aged starting materials also led to a somewhat increased amount of polymeric materials.
A huge effect on the product ratio was observed when the reaction was conducted under high pressure (5–7 kbar) [30]. As expected, applying high pressure conditions promoted cyclization leading to 5x·HPF6 as the strongly preferred product (Table 1, entries 10, 11, 18, and 19). However, the conversions were moderate to poor unless the duration of the reaction was significantly prolonged (Table 1, entries 11 and 19) presumably due to a lower reaction temperature.
The purification of target oxanorbornadienes by chromatography was problematic. Passing the reaction mixture containing less than 10% of the cyclization product 5x·HPF6 over the short column of silica gel led to a complete loss of oxanorbornadiene while the amount of cyclic product 5x·HPF6 increased (exemplified by the loss of 4a·HPF6 upon chromatography, Figure S1, Supplementary Materials). The latter was concluded from the results given in entries 7, 12, 14, and 15, where the amount of isolated cyclic products was significantly higher than what should be expected from the product ratios. The low isolated yields of 5a·HPF6 could be ascribed to the pronounced decomposition of oxanorbornadiene that was faster than the IMC step. The hydrogenation of the reaction mixture in the EtOAc prevented IMC and the oxanorbornanes could be isolated in moderate to good yields (Table 1, Entries 16 and 17).
In view of other results, the aforementioned absence of the IMC process in the case of isopropyl derivative 4b·HPF6 was somewhat surprising. While the sterics could be thought of as the most likely reason, the results for 4e·HPF6 indicate that we should take a more detailed insight into the structure and properties of starting guanidines. Namely, the polycyclic derivative 5e·HPF6 was produced by a nucleophilic attack of the guanidine nitrogen atom bearing a phenyl substituent, which is sterically more crowded. We should emphasize that the HN(Ph) position also had a higher acidity than the HN(Pr) one (vide infra), and, expectedly, it was more active in hydrogen bonding and more susceptible to partial deprotonation. With that in mind, the NMR experiment was conducted in which the oxanorbornadiene 4b·HPF6 (crude product) was effectively cyclized upon the addition of the phosphazene base P1*tBu (Figure S2, Supplementary Materials), confirming deprotonation as the trigger of the IMC process. Therefore, we concluded that the acid/base properties of the functional groups play a more important role in cyclization than the steric demands.
We could also note that despite the expected higher nucleophilicity of guanidine 3d than of 3c [31], the results indicate a higher tendency of 3c·HPF6 toward CA/IMC products. It should be noted that 3cH+ is expected to be more acidic than 3dH+ [32]. Based on these results, we assume that the partial deprotonation of the guanidine subunit takes place during the reaction. The tentative mechanism is briefly discussed in the next section.

2.1. Mechanism of the CA/IMC Tandem Process

Before the discussion on the possible mechanism, we shall briefly analyze the main structural characteristics of the polycyclic derivative 7d·HPF6 as the representative of all structures formed upon CA/IMC. The crystal structure (Figure 2) revealed the syn/exo stereochemistry of cyclization, which was also supported by the 1D and 2D NMR spectra. The main indicator of the syn/exo addition was the multiplicity of the hydrogen atom at the bridgehead position (doublet) and the coupling with the hydrogen located at the oxa-bridge (3JHH > 4 Hz). The data obtained were typical for exo position of the bridgehead hydrogen atom. When asymmetric guanidine derivatives were used, 1H,13C-HMBC, and NOESY spectra were used to confirm which nitrogen atom acted as a nucleophile. The spectroscopic data were in agreement with the proposed attack from the exo side (see Section S2 in Supplementary Materials) and showed that the phenyl and furfuryl groups activated the nucleophilicity of the nitrogen atom. This geometrical feature contrasts the previous results on the intermolecular addition of amines to the oxanorbornadiene, where the assigned configuration of the Z-β-enamine retro-DA product implied the anti-addition of amine and a proton [26]. The crystal structure also revealed a layered arrangement of the guanidine pairs bound together by two guanidinium oxa-bridge hydrogen bonds. Hexafluorophosphate anions filled the pockets between layers below the guanidine plane and only weakly participated in the coordination of one of the guanidinium NH bonds. Ester groups were positioned perpendicularly to the guanidine moiety with one of them located at approximately 3 Å to one of the guanidinium nitrogen atoms while the other one stacked with the π-system of the guanidinium cation moiety from the same layer along axis a.
To reiterate, the main noncovalent interaction in the structure was between the guanidine subunit and the oxa-bridge. A similar finding was also expected in oxanorbornadiene providing a preorganized structure for the exo attack of the nucleophilic nitrogen atom.
Taking into account the fact that syn—exo addition was experimentally proven (Figure 2), that deprotonation triggers the IMC process (Figure S2, Supplementary Materials), and that the extent of IMC is higher if the aged reactant was used (Table 1), we assumed several key points of the mechanism. They are as follows: (a) the process is acid catalyzed, (b) the acid is either moisture or HF liberated in the aged samples, (c) the proton-donating component is bound to the guanidine subunit by the noncovalent interactions, and (d) internal proton transfer from the guanidine moiety to one of the basic functional groups occurs just before or during C-N bond formation. The last two key points are directly related to the pKa of the guanidine NH bond involved in hydrogen bonding. To test these assumptions, we calculated the pKa values of all the positions of the guanidine moiety in derivatives 4aH+–4fH+. The structures of the guanidinium cations with marked hydrogen bonding interactions are schematically presented in Scheme 2. Their calculated pKas together with Gibbs energies of CA/IMC reactions are given in Table 2.
Our calculations indicated that the most acidic NH bond in the considered guanidinium cations was generally the one closest to the oxanorbornadiene fragment, with 4eH+ being an exemption. Deprotonation at that position would not lead to cyclization due to the formation of a highly unfavorable four-membered ring. In the case of 4eH+, the most acidic site was the NH(Ph) one, which was expected given the known trends in pKa values of tetramethylguanidines and P1 phosphazenes [33,34,35]. By comparing it with the second pKa values of other derivatives (usually the NR1 position), we obtained the trend 4eH+ < 4cH+ < 4fH+ < 4aH+ < 4dH+ < 4bH+. The results were consistent with two qualitative observations: the absence of the IMC process during the cycloaddition of 3b·HPF6 and a somewhat higher tendency toward the IMC process of 4c·HPF6 over 4d·HPF6 as visible from Table 1. This result is somewhat in opposition to the conclusion that could be drawn from the literature about the nucleophilicity of the cyclic guanidines TBD and TBO [31]. Additionally, the trend in pKas calculated for 4eH+ and 4fH+ was in full agreement with the structures of the isolated products and supports our proposition on internal deprotonation as the trigger for cyclization.
The thermodynamics of the CA and CA/IMC reactions were calculated using the M11/aug-cc-pVTZ//M11/6-31+G(d,p) method. Both optimization and single-point calculations were conducted in acetonitrile treated as a dielectric continuum using the SMD approach. The employed method was shown to provide very good agreement with CCSD(T) benchmark calculations for the Diels–Alder reaction [36]. For the sake of comparison, the results obtained by the B3LYP model were added, for which the pronounced shift of the reaction energies toward the endothermic region is known [36,37]. The M11 results showed a strong overall thermodynamical stabilization of the products over the reactants. From the thermodynamic point of view, the most reactive derivative was expected to be 3dH+ while the pKa analysis predicted its relatively low reactivity within the series. The smallest stabilization was obtained for 4bH+ but it was still sufficient to rule out the thermodynamics of the reaction as the origin of the absence of the IMC process. As expected, the B3LYP approach predicted an unrealistically strong endergonicity of the reactions and, opposite to M11, predicted destabilization going from 4bH+ to 5bH+. While this result is consistent with the absence of an IMC product in this particular case (Table 1, entries 3–6), unfavorable thermodynamics estimated for the CA step calculated for all derivatives render these results unreliable. Going to the larger basis set has an additional negative impact on the results.

2.2. Halides as Nucleophiles. Aza-Michael/Cyclization

As already mentioned, the reaction of DMAD with guanidinium chlorides or iodides (3(b–d)·HX) produced 2-aminoimidazolidinone derivatives 9–12 together with 2-halofumarate 8X (8Cl or 8I depending on the starting guanidinium salt, Scheme 2) as confirmed by the NMR and GC-MS measurements. The obtained imidazolidinone derivatives closely resembled the expected products that would be obtained by the aza-Michael addition (AMA) of the neutral guanidine to DMAD as described in the literature [19,20]. In the case of guanidine salt 3a·HI, a complex reaction mixture was obtained, and we were unable to identify the products formed.
To explain the results, we need to take a closer look at the reactivity of DMAD. Its sensitivity toward nucleophiles is well known [20,38]. The formation of 2-halofumarates was already described by Billetter and coworkers who noticed their formation from alkali halides and acetylene dicarboxylic acid [39,40]. From the reactions of hexafluorophosphate salts described above, we can conclude that a guanidinium cation will not act as a nucleophile toward DMAD unless deprotonation takes place to a significant extent. Based on this, we are proposing the initial addition of a halide anion to DMAD as the trigger that generates the halofumaryl anion, which is sufficiently basic to deprotonate the guanidinium cation. Thus, the formed neutral guanidines underwent an AMA/CYC tandem reaction, which provided the observed 2-aminoimidazolidinone derivatives 9–12 (Scheme 3). The structural assignment of the isomers was performed with X-ray analysis, 1D and 2D spectra, and DFT calculations of the NMR chemical shifts (details are given in Section S2, Supplementary Material). The appearance of the deep dark red color serves as additional evidence of the neutral guanidine DMAD reaction [41].
Somewhat surprising is the structural diversity of the isolated products. Starting from 3b·HX, the formation of both Z and E isomers of 9b was observed while no other possible products were isolated. Their ratio was dependent on temperature, with the E isomer being less abundant going from approximately 11% (r.t.) to approximately 47% (100 °C). In the case of 3c·HI, we did not observe the presence of the (Z/E)–9c isomer, but rather the derivatives 10c–12. The cyclization of the aminoimidazole derivatives to the remote carboxylic group from DMAD to avoid the bicyclo[3.3.0]octane structure was already described by Acheson and Willis [16], and in that sense, our results are consistent with the literature. Finally, the aza-Michael addition of the guanidinium salt 3d·HI furnished Z–9d and 10d as the main products, while no presence of 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]decene derivatives was isolated and confirmed. Apparently, cyclization to the proximate carboxylic group is highly preferred. Another qualitative observation showed that the reactivity of the endocyclic nitrogen atoms in 3c and 3d was comparable to or higher than the exocyclic one. On the other hand, a nitrogen atom bearing an isopropyl substituent was quite unreactive toward double and triple C-C bonds, which can be deduced from the absence of the IMC process in 4b·HPF6 and of the 10b -type AMA/CYC product. A tentative explanation of the latter observation includes the increased basicity of the guanidine nitrogen atom attached to the isopropyl group, which disfavors the iPr-N=C tautomeric form, and more pronounced steric congestion with respect to the alkyl, cycloalkyl, and furfuryl groups. A more detailed computational investigation of these results is underway and will be published separately.

3. Materials and Methods

General remarks on synthesis and reactivity of furfuryl guanidines: All furfuryl guanidinium salts (3x) were prepared via the guanidinylation of furfurylamines with isothiouronium iodides according to the general procedure described by Aoyagi and Endo [27]. Hexafluorophosphates were obtained using the following reaction sequence: (i) deprotonation of iodides, (ii) reprotonation of the crude neutral guanidine with 1M aqueous HCl, and (iii) anion exchange with ammonium hexafluorophosphate. Guanidinium hexafluorophosphates were isolated by the extraction of the heterogeneous aqueous mixture.
Cycloaddition reactions were conducted using the following experimental procedures (Table 1):
MW: 100 °C, 1 h, in acetonitrile, 1 cm3 per 1 mmol of reactant 3(a–f)·HPF6, MW heating.
HP: high pressure (5–7 kbar), 0.5 mmol of guanidine in 1 cm3 of DCM.
Conv: 120 °C (temperature of oil bath), closed microwave vessel, 1 h, in acetonitrile, 1 cm3 per 1 mmol of reactant 3c·HPF6.
Microwave reactions were performed in a Single mode CEM Discover reactor using 150 W of the initial power and 60 min of the hold time at the temperature of 100 °C. HP reactions were conducted in a high-pressure piston–cylinder apparatus, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland, in Teflon cells, and pentane was used as a piezotransmitter liquid.
Aza-Michael reactions were conducted at room temperature for 48 or 366 h or under MW heating for 1 h as described above. The reactant ratios were 3(a–d)·HI : DMAD = 1:2 in all cases. Detailed descriptions of all instrumentation, experimental procedures, and spectroscopic data of the isolated products are given in the Supplementary Materials.
X-ray structure determination: Crystal structures were determined with a Rigaku XtaLAB Synergy S diffractometer using ShellXL for the structure refinement [42]. The structural data were deposited in the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre (CCDC) under the following deposit numbers: 2,224,646 (5c·HPF6), 2,224,362 (7d·HPF6), 2,224,384 (5f·HPF6), 2,224,367 (E–9b), 2,224,371 (Z–9b), and 2,224,372 (10c). Details about the crystallization conditions, solvents, ORTEP images, and the selected data are given in the Supplementary Materials.
Computational details: All the structures were fully optimized and the nature of the stationary points was confirmed with vibrational analysis (NImag = 0). Calculations were performed using the Gaussian09 [43] (pKa calculations) or Gaussian16 [44] (thermodynamics of the reactions) program packages. The pKa calculations were conducted using the computational scheme developed earlier and improved recently [45,46]. For this purpose, a reduced Gibbs energy of the protonation (ΔG′a(BH+)) was calculated using either the B3LYP//B3LYP or MP2/B3LYP approach and was converted to pKa by using empirical correlations as given in Equations (1) (B3LYP//B3LYP) and (2) (MP2//B3LYP) [45,46]:
pKa(BH+) = 0.545 × ΔG′a(BH+) − 133.5
pKa(BH+) = 0.601 × ΔG′a(BH+) − 146.8
The thermochemistry of the reactions was calculated using M11/aug-cc-pVTZ//M11/6-31+G(d,p) (M11 model). B3LYP calculations were conducted at the B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level of theory without (B3-S) or with additional correction for the electronic energies calculated from B3LYP/6-31+G(2df,p) single point calculations (B3-L). For the sake of identification of the structures, NMR shieldings were calculated using the GIAO/6-311+G(d,p)//B3LYP/6-31G(d) approach. Except for the pKa calculations, optimizations and single point calculations were performed in either acetonitrile (thermochemistry) or chloroform (NMR) using predefined parameters (ε0(CH3CN) = 35.688; ε0(CHCl3) = 4.7113). The solvents were treated implicitly by employing the SMD continuum solvation approach [47].

4. Conclusions

In this work, we described the reactions of several guanidinium salts with DMAD as the typical dienophile in the Diels–Alder reaction and electrophile in the aza-Michael addition reaction. By proper choice of the counterion and structural features, one can direct the reaction to the desired products. Starting from the salts with non-nucleophilic anions, cycloaddition products could be obtained in moderate to high yields in a relatively short reaction sequence. Most of the tested guanidines underwent intramolecular aza-Michael cyclization despite their protonation state. Such a tandem reaction (cycloaddition/aza-Michael intramolecular cyclization) can be considered an elegant approach to the novel, condensed, and rigid polycyclic guanidines. Due to the well-defined position of the guanidine and carboxylic groups, we envision these types of compounds as the building blocks for the future synthesis of novel catalysts and anion sensors. Our results also confirm that the proton is a sufficiently good protecting group for the cycloaddition, as it prevents the nucleophilic attack of guanidine on DMAD. Based on the DFT calculations, observed intramolecular cyclization was ascribed to the formation of thermodynamically significantly more stable oxanorbornene derivatives and the high mobility of the proton. The latter is strongly related to the pKa value of the guanidinium position that is responsible for the nucleophilic attack.
Cycloaddition is not possible when nucleophilic anions are present in the reaction mixture. The halofumarate anion formed in situ deprotonated the guanidinium ion, leading to the neutral guanidines resulting in the aza-Michael reaction instead of cycloaddition. Somewhat surprising is the diversity of the products isolated from the reaction mixtures, and it is tentatively ascribed to the combination of the stability of guanidine tautomers, nucleophilicity, and thermodynamic stability of the products. An investigation of the mechanism is underway.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/24/16036/s1: Detailed experimental procedures, spectroscopic data, details on the structural analysis of the obtained products by 2D NMR techniques, DFT calculations and X-ray structural analysis, calculations of the pKa and CA/IMC thermochemistry data, and cartesian coordinates of all the optimized structures.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, Z.G.; methodology, L.B. and Z.G.; investigation, L.B. and Z.G.; resources, D.M.; writing—original draft preparation, Z.G.; writing—review and editing, D.M.; supervision, Z.G. and D.M.; project administration, D.M.; funding acquisition, D.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the Croatian Science Foundation, grant number IP-2018-01-3298, “Cycloaddition strategies towards polycyclic guanidines, CycloGu”.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not relevant to this study.

Informed Consent Statement

Not relevant for this study.

Data Availability Statement

The data are available in this publication and Supplementary Materials.

Acknowledgments

We thank the Croatian Science Foundation (grant No. IP-2018-01-3298, Cycloaddition strategies towards polycyclic guanidines, CycloGu) for their support of this research. The authors also would like to thank the Croatian Science Foundation project ‘Career Development of Young Researchers—Training of New Ph.Ds’ for funding the Ph.D. of L. Barešić (DOK-09-2018-6401). We also wish to thank Zoran Štefanić (IRB) for solving the X-ray structures of 5c·HPF6, 5f·HPF6, 7d·HPF6, Z-9b, E-9b, and 10c.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

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Ijms 23 16036 g001 550
Figure 1. Typical reactivity of guanidines and their salts with typical dienophiles DMAD and NPMI [16,18,19,24].
Figure 1. Typical reactivity of guanidines and their salts with typical dienophiles DMAD and NPMI [16,18,19,24].
Ijms 23 16036 g001
Ijms 23 16036 sch001 550
Scheme 1. Cycloaddition of furfurylguanidine hexafluorophosphates (3(a−f)·HPF6) with DMAD. Hydrogenation was conducted only for the selected derivatives.
Scheme 1. Cycloaddition of furfurylguanidine hexafluorophosphates (3(a−f)·HPF6) with DMAD. Hydrogenation was conducted only for the selected derivatives.
Ijms 23 16036 sch001
Ijms 23 16036 g002 550
Figure 2. X-ray structure of the derivative 7d·HPF6.
Figure 2. X-ray structure of the derivative 7d·HPF6.
Ijms 23 16036 g002
Ijms 23 16036 sch002 550
Scheme 2. Cyclization of guanidinium-substituted oxanorbornadienes (4xH+) with indicated different positions for the hydrogen bonding/partial deprotonation. Anions were deliberately neglected from the calculations.
Scheme 2. Cyclization of guanidinium-substituted oxanorbornadienes (4xH+) with indicated different positions for the hydrogen bonding/partial deprotonation. Anions were deliberately neglected from the calculations.
Ijms 23 16036 sch002
Ijms 23 16036 sch003 550
Scheme 3. The products obtained from the aza-Michael reaction of hydrohalide salts of 3b–3d with DMAD (AMA/CYC products).
Scheme 3. The products obtained from the aza-Michael reaction of hydrohalide salts of 3b–3d with DMAD (AMA/CYC products).
Ijms 23 16036 sch003
Table
Table 1. Employed reaction conditions, product ratios, conversion, and isolated yields in the reaction of furfurylguanidinium hexafluorophosphates with DMAD.
Table 1. Employed reaction conditions, product ratios, conversion, and isolated yields in the reaction of furfurylguanidinium hexafluorophosphates with DMAD.
EntryReactantMethod aEquiv./Time b4x·HPF6/
5x·HPF6		Conv./% (Yield/%) c,d
13a·HPF6MW1:6/1 h85/1590 (36 as 5a·HPF6)
23a·HPF6 eMW1:6/1 h57/4398 (13 as 5a·HPF6)
33b·HPF6MW1:3/1 h100/079 [57 as 4b·HPF6] f
43b·HPF6MW1:3/4 h100/098 (70 as 4b·HPF6)
53b·HPF6MW1:6/1h100/098 (72 as 4b·HPF6)
63b·HPF6 eMW1:6/1 h100/098 (71 as 6b·HPF6)
73c·HPF6MW1:3/1 h91/983 (50 as 5c·HPF6)
83c·HPF6Conv.1:6/1 h88/1294 (30 as 5c·HPF6) [56 as 5c·HPF6] f
93c·HPF6 eMW1:6/1 h77/2394 (70 as 5c·HPF6)
103c·HPF6HP1:1.1/24 h5/9520 (n/d)
113c·HPF6HP1:1.1/30 days4/9671 (n/d)
123d·HPF6MW1:3/1 h88/1273 (50 as 5d·HPF6)
133d·HPF6MW1:6/1 h100/098 [61 as 4d·HPF6 ] f
143d·HPF6MW1:6/1 h100/098 (65 as 7d·HPF6)
153e·HPF6MW1:6/1 h93/794 (33 as 5e·HPF6)
163e·HPF6MW1:6/1 h95/594 (64 as 6e·HPF6)
173f·HPF6MW1:6/1 h96/497 (57 as 6f·HPF6)
183f·HPF6HP1:1.1/24 h13/8723 (n/d)
193f·HPF6HP1:1.1/144 h13/8782 (75 as 5f·HPF6)
a Reaction conditions are given in the Section 3. b Equiv. relates to the starting molar ratio of the guanidines salts 3(a–f)·HPF6 and DMAD used. The amount of DMAD corresponds to the n used in Scheme 1. c Conversion ·s determined from the 1H NMR spectra of the crude reaction mixture. d Isolated, nonoptimized yield, n/d = not determined. e Aged sample of 3a·HPF6, 3b·HPF6, or 3c·HPF6 stored over two months in a closed flask and not dried. f NMR yields calculated using p-dimethoxybenzene or N1,N3-dimethylthiourea as the internal standard are given in square brackets.
Table
Table 2. Calculated ACNpKas for all three positions in the guanidine subunit and the Gibbs energies of the reaction for the cycloaddition and cyclization of the oxanorbornadiene ions 4aH+–4fH+.
Table 2. Calculated ACNpKas for all three positions in the guanidine subunit and the Gibbs energies of the reaction for the cycloaddition and cyclization of the oxanorbornadiene ions 4aH+–4fH+.
Oxanorb.NXACNpKa aModel bIjms 23 16036 i001rG(CA) cIjms 23 16036 i001rG(tot) c,d
4aH+N122.6 (22.4)M11−10−96
N2,323.0 (22.7)B3-S (B3-L)16 (52)−26 (23)
4bH+N123.3 (22.1)M11−16−78
N2,324.0 (23.1)B3-S (B3-L)16 (52)6 (60)
4cH+N120.5 (20.5)M11−3−98
N2,321.4 (21.0)B3-S (B3-L)16 (56) −37 (16)
4dH+N122.3 (22.5)M11−18−102
N2,323.5 (22.8)B3-S (B3-L)19 (55)−22 (27)
4eH+N1
N2
N3		21.6 (21.5)
19.6 (18.8)
21.8 (21.9)		M11
B3-S (B3-L)		−18
18 (55)		−91
−14 (35)
4fH+N1
N2
N3		21.8 (21.0)
23.4 (22.8)
22.6 (21.4)		M11
B3-S (B3-L)		−14
14 (46)		−92
−14 (36)
a pKa was calculated using two linear correlation approaches, see Computational details. Values in parentheses refer to the MP2//B3LYP model. b For the description of the computational models, see the Computational details section. c In kJ mol−1, respective to the indefinitely separated reactants DMAD and 3xH+. Values in parentheses relate to the values obtained using B3LYP/6-311+G(2df,p) single point energy calculations, see Computational details. d ΔrG(tot) relates to the Gibbs energy of the tandem CA/IMC process.
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Barešić, L.; Margetić, D.; Glasovac, Z. Anion-Controlled Synthesis of Novel Guanidine-Substituted Oxanorbornanes. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 16036. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232416036

AMA Style

Barešić L, Margetić D, Glasovac Z. Anion-Controlled Synthesis of Novel Guanidine-Substituted Oxanorbornanes. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(24):16036. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232416036

Chicago/Turabian Style

Barešić, Luka, Davor Margetić, and Zoran Glasovac. 2022. "Anion-Controlled Synthesis of Novel Guanidine-Substituted Oxanorbornanes" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 24: 16036. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232416036

APA Style

Barešić, L., Margetić, D., & Glasovac, Z. (2022). Anion-Controlled Synthesis of Novel Guanidine-Substituted Oxanorbornanes. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(24), 16036. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232416036

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