The Effect of TGF-β1 Reduced Functionality on the Expression of Selected Synaptic Proteins and Electrophysiological Parameters: Implications of Changes Observed in Acute Hepatic Encephalopathy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Blood Morphology and Biochemical Characteristics of the AOM Model
2.2. Endothelial Cells Monolayer Permeability Measurement and the Expression of Blood–Brain Barrier Proteins in the Frontal Cortex Homogenates from AOM and Anti-TGF-β1 Mice
2.3. Parameters of TGF-β1 Signaling in Serum and Frontal Cortex Homogenates from AOM and Anti-TGF-β1 Mice
2.4. Expression and Distribution of Synaptic Proteins in Frontal Cortex Homogenates from AOM, and Anti- TGF-β1 Mice
2.5. Electrophysiological Responses of Frontal Cortical Slices from Anti-TGF-β1 Mice
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Animal Models
4.2. Study Design and Animal Groups
4.3. Analysis of Biochemical Parameters
4.4. TGF-β1 Level Determination
4.5. Endothelial Cell Line Culture
4.6. Permeability Assay
4.7. RNA Isolation and Real-Time PCR Analysis
4.8. Immunoblotting Analyses
4.9. Electrophysiological Analysis
4.9.1. Treatment of Animals and Brain Slice Preparation
4.9.2. Field Potential Recording and LTP Induction
4.10. Statistical Analyses
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ALF | Acute liver failure |
AOM | Azoxymethane |
BBB | Blood–brain barrier |
CNS | Central nervous system |
DMEM | Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium |
FBS | Fetal bovine serum |
FITC | Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate |
FPs | Whole-cell field potentials |
GABA | γ-aminobutyric acid |
GABAA | γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor |
GABAR1α | subunit of GABAA receptor 1α |
GAPDH | Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase |
HE | Hepatic encephalopathy |
LAP | Latency-associated peptide |
LLC | Large latent complex |
LTBP | Latent TGF-β-binding protein |
LTP | Long-term potentiation |
MBEC4 | Mouse brain capillary endothelial cell line |
NMDA | N-methyl-D-aspartate |
PBS | Phosphate-saline buffer |
PSD-95 | Postsynaptic density protein 95 |
RBE-4 | Rat brain endothelial cell line |
RT | Room temperature |
SMAD3 | Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3 protein |
TBS | Theta-burst stimulation |
TGF-β1 | Transforming growth factor beta 1 |
TSP-1 | Thrombospondin 1 |
VAMP 1/2 | Vesicle-associated membrane proteins |
WT | Wild-type |
ZO-1 | Tight junction protein 1 or Zonula occludens-1 |
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Popek, M.; Bobula, B.; Orzeł-Gajowik, K.; Zielińska, M. The Effect of TGF-β1 Reduced Functionality on the Expression of Selected Synaptic Proteins and Electrophysiological Parameters: Implications of Changes Observed in Acute Hepatic Encephalopathy. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 1081. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031081
Popek M, Bobula B, Orzeł-Gajowik K, Zielińska M. The Effect of TGF-β1 Reduced Functionality on the Expression of Selected Synaptic Proteins and Electrophysiological Parameters: Implications of Changes Observed in Acute Hepatic Encephalopathy. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(3):1081. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031081
Chicago/Turabian StylePopek, Mariusz, Bartosz Bobula, Karolina Orzeł-Gajowik, and Magdalena Zielińska. 2022. "The Effect of TGF-β1 Reduced Functionality on the Expression of Selected Synaptic Proteins and Electrophysiological Parameters: Implications of Changes Observed in Acute Hepatic Encephalopathy" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 3: 1081. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031081