Proliferation and Apoptosis Pathways and Factors in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Molecular Hallmarks of Cancer
2.1. Enabling Replicative Immortality in Oral Cancer
2.2. Inducing Angiogenesis in Oral Cancer
2.3. Activating Invasion and Metastasis in Oral Cancer
3. Oral Cancer and Cellular Proliferation
3.1. Mitogenic Activation and Induction of Proliferation Signaling in OSCC
3.2. Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK/MAPK Pathway
3.3. PI3K-AKT-mTOR Pathway
3.4. The Cell Cycle and Tumour Suppressor Genes
4. Oral Cancer and Apoptosis
Protein | Role in Oral Cancer | Reference |
---|---|---|
Granzyme B | Cytotoxic T lymphocyte mediated tumour cell apoptosis | Zhu et al. [90] |
Perforin | Takes part in NK cell mediated oral cancer cell destruction | Hadler-Olsen et al. [91] |
FasL | Mediator of immune privilege in OSCC | Fang et al. [92] |
Fas (CD95) | Considered a prognostic marker of OSCC | Peter et al. [93] |
TNF-α | Promotes oral cancer growth and pain | Salvo et al. [94] |
TNFR1 (CD120a) | Related to oral cancer pain and inflammation | Scheff et al. [95] |
FADD | Prognostic implication in OSCC | Gonzales-Moles et al. [96] |
Apaf1 | Helps in the formation of apoptosome | Dwivedi et al. [97] |
Bcl-2 | Altered expression results in an increase in malignant transformation potential | Juneja et al. [98] |
Bcl-2a1 (Bfl-1) and Cytochrome C | Promotes apoptosis in OSCC | Zheng et al. [99] |
Mcl-1 | Overexpression of anti-apoptotic factor Mcl-1 leads to progression of OSCC | Sulkshane et al. [100] |
Bcl-xL | Causes resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs | Alam et al. [101] |
Bcl-w | Cooperates with oncogene activation in the development and progression of OSCC | Hartman et al. [102] |
BH3 | Anti-anti-apoptotic functions in OSCC | Carter et al. [103] |
4.1. Extrinsic Apoptotic Signalling Receptors and Ligands
4.2. Bcl-2 Family Proteins
4.3. Apoptotic Caspase Proteins
5. Interplay between Apoptotic and Proliferative Signalling Networks
6. Method of Data Collection
7. Conclusions and Challenges for Future Research
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Protein | Role in Oral Cancer | Reference |
---|---|---|
EGF | Modulates growth and differentiation of oral cancer cells | Bernades et al. [43] |
ErbB proteins (EGFR, ErbB2, ErbB3, ErbB4) | Progression and pathogenesis of OSCC | Bernades et al. [43] |
GRB2 | Overexpression is correlated with lymph node metastasis | Li et al. [44] |
Shc | Activation of Shc results in couple β6 signaling to the Raf-ERK/MAPK pathway | Li et al. [45] |
SOS1 | Useful biomarker in OSCC | Baltanas et al. [46] |
Ras | Ras mutations confer therapeutic resistance | Batta et al. [47] |
Raf | Oral cancer behaves similarly like other cancer in terms of perturbations in Raf kinase inhibitor protein | Hallums et al. [48] |
MEK/ERK | Related to chemoresistance in oral cancer | Kashyap et al. [49] |
MAPK | Promotes tumour cell proliferation and anti-apoptosis | Peng et al. [50] |
PI3K/Akt/mTOR | Overexpression related to poor prognosis of oral cancer | Harsha et al. [51] |
PTEN | Epigenetic biomarker in OSCC | Sushma et al. [52] |
PDK1 | Targeting PDK1 sensitizes NOTCH1 to PI3K/mTOR pathway | Sambandam et al. [53] |
4E-BP | Reactivated by mTOR inhibition in OSCC | Wang et al. [54] |
Cyclin D | Early biomarker in oral cancer | Ramakrishna et al. [55] |
CDK4, CDK6 | The index scores of CDK4, CDK6, and cyclin D1 are associated with the transformation from pre-cancer to oral cancer stage | Kujan et al. [56] |
Cyclin E | Related to progression of cancer | Moharil et al. [57] |
Cyclin A, Cyclin B | Prognostic significance in OSCC | Monteiro et al. [58] |
CDK1, CDK2 | CDK1 serve as a prognostic marker and malignant degree for the survival of OSCC patients. CDK2 overexpression serve as a prognostic marker of OSCC | Chen et al. [59]; Mihara et al. [60] |
Pocket proteins (RB, RBL1/p107, RBL2/p130) | Suppress OSCC | Shin et al. [61] |
ATM and ATR | Related to radiosensitivity in OSCC | Parikh et al. [62] |
p53 | Inactivated in OSCC resulting in prolonged cell cycle | Ragos et al. [63] |
CIP/KIP family (p21, p27, p57) | Cell cycle regulators | Perez-Sayans et al. [64] |
INK4 family (p15, p16, p18, p19) | Related to transformation from precancer to oral cancer stage | Agarwal et al. [65] |
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He, S.; Chakraborty, R.; Ranganathan, S. Proliferation and Apoptosis Pathways and Factors in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 1562. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031562
He S, Chakraborty R, Ranganathan S. Proliferation and Apoptosis Pathways and Factors in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(3):1562. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031562
Chicago/Turabian StyleHe, Steven, Rajdeep Chakraborty, and Shoba Ranganathan. 2022. "Proliferation and Apoptosis Pathways and Factors in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 3: 1562. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031562