Effects of Yeast Species and Processing on Intestinal Health and Transcriptomic Profiles of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Fed Soybean Meal-Based Diets in Seawater
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Yeast Compositions
2.2. Fish Performance and Nutrient Digestibility
2.3. Histopathological Changes in Fish
2.4. Changes in T-Lymphocyte Population
2.5. Transcriptomics
2.6. Gene Ontology
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Yeast Production and Processing
4.2. Formulation and Production of Fish Feeds
4.3. Fish Management and Feeding
4.4. Histological Examination
4.5. Detection of T-Lymphocytes by Immunohistochemistry
4.6. RNA Isolation, Library Preparation and RNA Sequencing
4.7. Data Analysis of RNA Sequencing
4.8. Composition of Yeasts and Fish Feeds
4.9. Calculations and Statistical Analyses
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cyberlindnera jadinii | Wickerhamomyces anomalus | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Inactivated | Autolyzed | Inactivated | Autolyzed | |
DM 1 (%) | 96.3 ± 0.03 | 93.1 ± 0.04 | 96.1 ± 0.02 | 96.1 ± 0.06 |
Nutrients (% DM)2 | ||||
Crude protein | 46.5 ± 0.47 | 47.4 ± 0.01 | 43.0 ± 0.04 | 42.1 ± 0.26 |
Crude lipids | 2.9 ± 0.18 | 5.7 ± 0.17 | 2.8 ± 0.06 | 4.1 ± 0.02 |
Ash | 5.7 ± 0.00 | 5.9 ± 0.01 | 5.5 ± 0.00 | 5.5 ± 0.00 |
Total phosphorus | 0.6 ± 0.02 | 0.6 ± 0.01 | 0.5 ± 0.01 | 0.4 ± 0.02 |
Gross energy (MJ/kg DM) | 21.8 ± 0.01 | 22.32 ± 0.02 | 21.1 ± 0.01 | 21.5 ± 0.01 |
Cell wall polysaccharides (% DM)3 | ||||
β-glucan | 16.4 ± 3.19 | 11.1 ± 0.84 | 15.0 ± 1.41 | 11.8 ± 0.73 |
Mannan | 7.9 ± 2.16 | 6.0 ± 0.66 | 11.3 ± 0.95 | 10.4 ± 0.67 |
Chitin | 0.3 ± 0.07 | 0.2 ± 0.02 | 0.5 ± 0.05 | 0.4 ± 0.08 |
Diet Comparison | Down-Regulated | Up-Regulated |
---|---|---|
Distal intestine | ||
SBM|FM | 173 | 143 |
ICJ|FM | 71 | 54 |
ACJ|FM | 33 | 31 |
IWA|FM | 1299 | 1036 |
AWA|FM | 2685 | 2714 |
Spleen | ||
SBM|FM | 6 | 20 |
ICJ|FM | 15 | 11 |
ACJ|FM | 5 | 12 |
IWA|FM | 7 | 6 |
AWA|FM | 12 | 19 |
FM | SBM | ICJ | ACJ | IWA | AWA | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diet Formulationa | ||||||
Fish meal b | 433.4 | 261.4 | 208.4 | 208.4 | 208.4 | 208.4 |
Soybean meal c | 0 | 300 | 300 | 300 | 300 | 300 |
Yeast n | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
Wheat gluten d | 170 | 136 | 111 | 111 | 111 | 111 |
Potato starch e | 120 | 90 | 68 | 68 | 68 | 68 |
Cellulose | 80 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Fish oil f | 130 | 130 | 130 | 130 | 130 | 130 |
Gelatin g | 60 | 60 | 60 | 60 | 60 | 60 |
Monocalcium phosphate h | 0 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
Premix i | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
L-lysine j | 0 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
DL-Methionine k | 0 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
Choline chloride l | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 |
Yttrium oxide m | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
Diet Composition (Analyzed Values)o | ||||||
Dry matter (g/kg) | 926 | 897 | 889 | 889 | 924 | 913 |
Crude protein | 531 | 542 | 518 | 530 | 519 | 521 |
Starch | 131 | 103 | 92 | 93 | 89 | 87 |
Ash | 78 | 77 | 75 | 75 | 74 | 74 |
Carbon | 509 | 510 | 503 | 518 | 513 | 511 |
Sulphur | 6.0 | 6.3 | 6.2 | 6.0 | 6.1 | 6.0 |
Energy (MJ/kg DM) | 23.3 | 23.1 | 23.3 | 23.3 | 23.1 | 23.1 |
DP:DE p | 23.1 | 23.3 | 22.8 | 22.8 | 22.5 | 22.5 |
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Agboola, J.O.; Mensah, D.D.; Hansen, J.Ø.; Lapeña, D.; Mydland, L.T.; Arntzen, M.Ø.; Horn, S.J.; Øyås, O.; Press, C.M.; Øverland, M. Effects of Yeast Species and Processing on Intestinal Health and Transcriptomic Profiles of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Fed Soybean Meal-Based Diets in Seawater. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 1675. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031675
Agboola JO, Mensah DD, Hansen JØ, Lapeña D, Mydland LT, Arntzen MØ, Horn SJ, Øyås O, Press CM, Øverland M. Effects of Yeast Species and Processing on Intestinal Health and Transcriptomic Profiles of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Fed Soybean Meal-Based Diets in Seawater. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(3):1675. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031675
Chicago/Turabian StyleAgboola, Jeleel O., Dominic D. Mensah, Jon Ø. Hansen, David Lapeña, Liv T. Mydland, Magnus Ø. Arntzen, Svein J. Horn, Ove Øyås, Charles McL. Press, and Margareth Øverland. 2022. "Effects of Yeast Species and Processing on Intestinal Health and Transcriptomic Profiles of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Fed Soybean Meal-Based Diets in Seawater" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 3: 1675. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031675