Uremia-Induced Gut Barrier Defect in 5/6 Nephrectomized Mice Is Worsened by Candida Administration through a Synergy of Uremic Toxin, Lipopolysaccharide, and (1➔3)-β-D-Glucan, but Is Attenuated by Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus L34
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Candida Administration Enhanced Proteinuria, Glucanemia, and Liver Damage in 5/6 Nephrectomy Mice That Were Attenuated by Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus L34 (L34)
2.2. Candida Altered Uremia-Induced Dysbiosis in 5/6 Nephrectomy Mice but Was Attenuated by Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus L34
2.3. An Additive Effect of Indoxyl Sulfate, a Uremic Toxin, on Enterocytes and Macrophages Was Attenuated by Lacticaseibacillus Condition Media
3. Discussion
3.1. Gut Candida Altered Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) in 5/6Nx Mice through Gut Dysbiosis, Intestinal Barrier Defect, and Systemic Inflammation
3.2. Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus L34 (L34) Attenuated Candida-Administered 5/6Nx Mice through the Anti-Inflammatory Effect on Enterocytes and Macrophages
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Animals
4.1.1. Candida-Administered 5/6 Nephrectomy Model and the Probiotics
4.1.2. Mouse Sample Analysis
4.1.3. Gut Permeability Determination
4.1.4. Fecal Microbiome Analysis
4.2. In Vitro Experiments
4.3. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Tungsanga, S.; Panpetch, W.; Bhunyakarnjanarat, T.; Udompornpitak, K.; Katavetin, P.; Chancharoenthana, W.; Chatthanathon, P.; Somboonna, N.; Tungsanga, K.; Tumwasorn, S.; et al. Uremia-Induced Gut Barrier Defect in 5/6 Nephrectomized Mice Is Worsened by Candida Administration through a Synergy of Uremic Toxin, Lipopolysaccharide, and (1➔3)-β-D-Glucan, but Is Attenuated by Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus L34. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 2511. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052511
Tungsanga S, Panpetch W, Bhunyakarnjanarat T, Udompornpitak K, Katavetin P, Chancharoenthana W, Chatthanathon P, Somboonna N, Tungsanga K, Tumwasorn S, et al. Uremia-Induced Gut Barrier Defect in 5/6 Nephrectomized Mice Is Worsened by Candida Administration through a Synergy of Uremic Toxin, Lipopolysaccharide, and (1➔3)-β-D-Glucan, but Is Attenuated by Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus L34. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(5):2511. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052511
Chicago/Turabian StyleTungsanga, Somkanya, Wimonrat Panpetch, Thansita Bhunyakarnjanarat, Kanyarat Udompornpitak, Pisut Katavetin, Wiwat Chancharoenthana, Piraya Chatthanathon, Naraporn Somboonna, Kriang Tungsanga, Somying Tumwasorn, and et al. 2022. "Uremia-Induced Gut Barrier Defect in 5/6 Nephrectomized Mice Is Worsened by Candida Administration through a Synergy of Uremic Toxin, Lipopolysaccharide, and (1➔3)-β-D-Glucan, but Is Attenuated by Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus L34" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 5: 2511. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052511