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Review

Cosmeceutical Therapy: Engaging the Repercussions of UVR Photoaging on the Skin’s Circadian Rhythm

1
Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia
2
Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, Microbiome and Bioresource Research Strength Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia
3
Medical Health and Translational Research Group, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia
4
School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
5
Centre of Drug Discovery and Molecular Pharmacology (CDDMP), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
6
Physiology and Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya 42130, Turkey
7
Chemical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia
8
Advanced Engineering Platform, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia
9
Tropical Medicine and Biology Platform, School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia
10
School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia
11
Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Cyberjaya, Cyberjaya 63000, Malaysia
12
Pengiran Anak Puteri Rashidah Sa’adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong BE1410, Brunei
13
College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
14
Health and Well-Being Cluster, Global Asia in the 21st Century (GA21) Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(5), 2884; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052884
Submission received: 24 January 2022 / Revised: 23 February 2022 / Accepted: 24 February 2022 / Published: 7 March 2022

Abstract

Sunlight is an important factor in regulating the central circadian rhythm, including the modulation of our sleep/wake cycles. Sunlight had also been discovered to have a prominent influence on our skin’s circadian rhythm. Overexposure or prolonged exposure to the sun can cause skin photodamage, such as the formation of irregular pigmentation, collagen degradation, DNA damage, and even skin cancer. Hence, this review will be looking into the detrimental effects of sunlight on our skin, not only at the aspect of photoaging but also at its impact on the skin’s circadian rhythm. The growing market trend of natural-product-based cosmeceuticals as also caused us to question their potential to modulate the skin’s circadian rhythm. Questions about how the skin’s circadian rhythm could counteract photodamage and how best to maximize its biopotential will be discussed in this article. These discoveries regarding the skin’s circadian rhythm have opened up a completely new level of understanding of our skin’s molecular mechanism and may very well aid cosmeceutical companies, in the near future, to develop better products that not only suppress photoaging but remain effective and relevant throughout the day.
Keywords: ultraviolet rays; cosmetics; circadian rhythm; pigmentation; collagen degradation; DNA damage; apoptosis; natural product; melatonin; photoaging ultraviolet rays; cosmetics; circadian rhythm; pigmentation; collagen degradation; DNA damage; apoptosis; natural product; melatonin; photoaging
Graphical Abstract

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MDPI and ACS Style

Mahendra, C.K.; Ser, H.-L.; Pusparajah, P.; Htar, T.T.; Chuah, L.-H.; Yap, W.H.; Tang, Y.-Q.; Zengin, G.; Tang, S.Y.; Lee, W.L.; et al. Cosmeceutical Therapy: Engaging the Repercussions of UVR Photoaging on the Skin’s Circadian Rhythm. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 2884. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052884

AMA Style

Mahendra CK, Ser H-L, Pusparajah P, Htar TT, Chuah L-H, Yap WH, Tang Y-Q, Zengin G, Tang SY, Lee WL, et al. Cosmeceutical Therapy: Engaging the Repercussions of UVR Photoaging on the Skin’s Circadian Rhythm. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(5):2884. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052884

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mahendra, Camille Keisha, Hooi-Leng Ser, Priyia Pusparajah, Thet Thet Htar, Lay-Hong Chuah, Wei Hsum Yap, Yin-Quan Tang, Gokhan Zengin, Siah Ying Tang, Wai Leng Lee, and et al. 2022. "Cosmeceutical Therapy: Engaging the Repercussions of UVR Photoaging on the Skin’s Circadian Rhythm" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 5: 2884. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052884

APA Style

Mahendra, C. K., Ser, H.-L., Pusparajah, P., Htar, T. T., Chuah, L.-H., Yap, W. H., Tang, Y.-Q., Zengin, G., Tang, S. Y., Lee, W. L., Liew, K. B., Ming, L. C., & Goh, B. H. (2022). Cosmeceutical Therapy: Engaging the Repercussions of UVR Photoaging on the Skin’s Circadian Rhythm. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(5), 2884. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052884

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