Water-Based Graphene Oxide–Silicon Hybrid Nanofluids—Experimental and Theoretical Approach
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Procedure
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Dynamic Viscosity
3.2. Criteria of Evaluation of the Performance of the Hybrid Nanofluids Based on Graphene Oxide−Silicon
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- density:
- -
- specific heat:
4. Conclusions
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- The increase in the graphene oxide content led to dynamic viscosity rising.
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- The current results were compared with the research from the available literature.
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- In laminar and turbulent flows, the studied nanofluids showed an improvement in efficiency.
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- Heat transfer coefficient ratios in the turbulent flow for all of the studied nanofluids were higher than 1, with the maximum values being achieved for the GO sheet nanofluids.
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- The pumping power ratio for Si/water nanofluid was close to 1, while for GO/water and 0.2GO-0.8Si/water nanofluids, the pumping power ratios were higher than 1 for all temperatures.
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- A correlation for dynamic viscosity was proposed in this study. The equation is valid for temperature in the range of 25 °C to 50 °C.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Nanofluid | a | b | |
---|---|---|---|
GO sheets | 455.33 | −5.15 | 0.9939 |
Si NPs | 386.33 | −5.554 | 0.9945 |
20GO-80Si | 787.72 | −5.75 | 0.9986 |
40G0-60Si | 2952.9 | −6.523 | 0.9874 |
Nanoparticles/Base Fluid | ||
---|---|---|
Graphene oxide sheets (GO) [15] | 1910 | 710 |
Silicon (Si) | 2329 | 700 |
Water | 997 | 4181.6 |
Nanofluid | Weight Concentration [%] | Volume Fraction [-] |
---|---|---|
GO sheets | 0.25 | 0.001307 |
Si NPs | 0.001112 | |
20GO-80Si | 0.001073 |
Nanofluid | GO/Water | 0.2GO-0.8Si/Water | Si/Water | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Temp. | 293 K | 323 K | 293 K | 323 K | 293 K | 323 K |
Dittus-Boelter correlation | 0.808 | 0.819 | 0.83 | 0.853 | 1.002 | 1.017 |
Petukhov correlation | 1.306 | 1.381 | 1.235 | 1.253 | 1.016 | 1.021 |
Gnielinski correlation | 1.297 | 1.386 | 1.226 | 1.242 | 1.016 | 1.022 |
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Huminic, G.; Vărdaru, A.; Huminic, A.; Fleacă, C.; Dumitrache, F.; Morjan, I. Water-Based Graphene Oxide–Silicon Hybrid Nanofluids—Experimental and Theoretical Approach. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 3056. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23063056
Huminic G, Vărdaru A, Huminic A, Fleacă C, Dumitrache F, Morjan I. Water-Based Graphene Oxide–Silicon Hybrid Nanofluids—Experimental and Theoretical Approach. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(6):3056. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23063056
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuminic, Gabriela, Alexandru Vărdaru, Angel Huminic, Claudiu Fleacă, Florian Dumitrache, and Ion Morjan. 2022. "Water-Based Graphene Oxide–Silicon Hybrid Nanofluids—Experimental and Theoretical Approach" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 6: 3056. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23063056