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Article

A Mixture of Valine and Isoleucine Restores the Growth of Protein-Restricted Pigs Likely through Improved Gut Development, Hepatic IGF-1 Pathway, and Plasma Metabolomic Profile

by
Mohammad Habibi
1,
Parniyan Goodarzi
1,
Cedrick Ndhumba Shili
1,
Julia Sutton
1,
Caitlyn Marie Wileman
1,
Dohyung Markus Kim
1,
Dingbo Lin
2 and
Adel Pezeshki
1,*
1
Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
2
Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(6), 3300; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23063300
Submission received: 21 February 2022 / Revised: 14 March 2022 / Accepted: 16 March 2022 / Published: 18 March 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Amino Acid Metabolism and Regulation in Health and Disease 2.0)
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Abstract

Valine (Val) alone or in combination with isoleucine (Ile) improves the growth under severe protein restriction; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. In this study, we assessed whether Val/Ile-induced growth in protein-restricted pigs is associated with changes in gut development, hepatic insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) production, and blood metabolomics. Forty piglets were assigned to five dietary groups: positive control (PC) with standard protein content; low protein (LP) with very low protein content; and LP supplemented with Val (LPV), Ile (LPI), and Val and Ile (LPVI). LPVI reversed the negative effects of VLP diets on growth and gut morphology. Both LPV and LPVI restored the reduced transcript of IGF-1 while decreasing the transcript of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1 (IGFBP1) in the liver. LPV and LPVI recovered the reduced plasma Val, glycine, and leucine concentrations, which were positively correlated with improved gut morphology and the hepatic IGF-1 gene expression and negatively correlated with hepatic IGFBP1 mRNA abundance. In conclusion, supplementation with a combination of Val and Ile into the VLP diets restored the decreased growth performance of pigs fed with these diets likely through improved gut development, hepatic IGF-1 expression and bioavailability, and plasma metabolomics profile.
Keywords: low protein; isoleucine; valine; growth; gut development; insulin-like growth factor 1; metabolomics; pig low protein; isoleucine; valine; growth; gut development; insulin-like growth factor 1; metabolomics; pig

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MDPI and ACS Style

Habibi, M.; Goodarzi, P.; Shili, C.N.; Sutton, J.; Wileman, C.M.; Kim, D.M.; Lin, D.; Pezeshki, A. A Mixture of Valine and Isoleucine Restores the Growth of Protein-Restricted Pigs Likely through Improved Gut Development, Hepatic IGF-1 Pathway, and Plasma Metabolomic Profile. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 3300. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23063300

AMA Style

Habibi M, Goodarzi P, Shili CN, Sutton J, Wileman CM, Kim DM, Lin D, Pezeshki A. A Mixture of Valine and Isoleucine Restores the Growth of Protein-Restricted Pigs Likely through Improved Gut Development, Hepatic IGF-1 Pathway, and Plasma Metabolomic Profile. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(6):3300. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23063300

Chicago/Turabian Style

Habibi, Mohammad, Parniyan Goodarzi, Cedrick Ndhumba Shili, Julia Sutton, Caitlyn Marie Wileman, Dohyung Markus Kim, Dingbo Lin, and Adel Pezeshki. 2022. "A Mixture of Valine and Isoleucine Restores the Growth of Protein-Restricted Pigs Likely through Improved Gut Development, Hepatic IGF-1 Pathway, and Plasma Metabolomic Profile" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 6: 3300. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23063300

APA Style

Habibi, M., Goodarzi, P., Shili, C. N., Sutton, J., Wileman, C. M., Kim, D. M., Lin, D., & Pezeshki, A. (2022). A Mixture of Valine and Isoleucine Restores the Growth of Protein-Restricted Pigs Likely through Improved Gut Development, Hepatic IGF-1 Pathway, and Plasma Metabolomic Profile. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(6), 3300. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23063300

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