STAT1 and Its Crucial Role in the Control of Viral Infections
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Structure of STAT1
3. Activation of STAT1
4. STAT1 Nuclear Import and Export
5. Components of the STAT1 Transcriptional Complex
5.1. CBP/p300
5.2. Nmi
5.3. MCM5
5.4. BRCA1
6. STAT1 Gene Targets
6.1. Viperin
6.2. Mx1 and Mx2
6.3. IFITM Proteins
6.4. CH25H
6.5. TRIM Proteins
6.6. BST-2
6.7. CXCL9
7. Role of STAT1 in the Immunoglobulin Class-Switch Recombination
8. Human STAT1 Deficiency
9. STAT1 in Viral Infection and Viral Mechanisms of Immune Evasion
9.1. Degradation of STAT1
9.2. Phosphorylation Inhibition of STAT1
9.3. Inhibition of STAT1 Nuclear Import/Export and STAT1 Binding to DNA
9.4. Inhibition of STAT1 Methylation
9.5. Multi-Step Inhibition of IFN Pathway
10. STAT1 and SARS-CoV-2 Infection
11. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mechanisms | Virus | Proteins Involved in STAT1 Inhibition | References |
---|---|---|---|
Degradation of STAT1 | Human parainfuenza virus 2 | V protein ° | [101] |
Simian virus 5 | V protein ° | [101] | |
Mumps virus | V protein ° | [102] | |
Newcastle disease virus | V protein ° | [103] | |
Herpes viruses | ICP22 °, ICP0 ° | [104,105] | |
SARS-CoV-2 | 3CLpro ° | [106] | |
Phosphorylation inhibition and dephosphorylation of STAT1 | Human metapneumovirus | - | [107] |
Nipah virus | P, V and W proteins ° | [108] | |
Measles virus | P protein ° | [109] | |
Vaccinia virus | VH1 ° | [110] | |
Encephalitis flavivirus | NS5 ° | [111] | |
Cytomegalovirus | SHP2 * | [112] | |
HCV | NS5A ° | [113] | |
Rotaviruses | NSP1 ° | [114] | |
HCoV-OC43 | - | [115] | |
Marbung virus | - | [116] | |
Enteroviruses | 2Apro ° | [117] | |
Inhibition of STAT1 Nuclear import and STAT1 binding to DNA | Rabies virus | P protein ° | [118,119] |
Ebola virus | VP24 ° | [120] | |
SARSV-CoV | ORF6 ° | [121] | |
Enteroviruses | 2B ° | [122] | |
Inhibition of STAT1 Nuclear export | Chikungunya virus | nsP2 ° | [123] |
Inhibition of STAT1 Methylation | HCV and HBV | PP2A * | [124] |
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Tolomeo, M.; Cavalli, A.; Cascio, A. STAT1 and Its Crucial Role in the Control of Viral Infections. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 4095. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23084095
Tolomeo M, Cavalli A, Cascio A. STAT1 and Its Crucial Role in the Control of Viral Infections. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(8):4095. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23084095
Chicago/Turabian StyleTolomeo, Manlio, Andrea Cavalli, and Antonio Cascio. 2022. "STAT1 and Its Crucial Role in the Control of Viral Infections" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 8: 4095. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23084095