Immune Signature of COVID-19: In-Depth Reasons and Consequences of the Cytokine Storm

Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej, Paulina; Majchrzak, Adam; Kurkowska, Sara; Małkowska, Paulina; Sierawska, Olga; Hrynkiewicz, Rafał; Parczewski, Miłosz

doi:10.3390/ijms23094545

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Immune Signature of COVID-19: In-Depth Reasons and Consequences of the Cytokine Storm

by

Paulina Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej

^1,*

,

Adam Majchrzak

²

,

Sara Kurkowska

³

,

Paulina Małkowska

^1,4

,

Olga Sierawska

^1,4

,

Rafał Hrynkiewicz

¹

and

Miłosz Parczewski

²

¹

Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland

²

Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Immune Deficiency, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-455 Szczecin, Poland

³

Department of Nuclear Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland

⁴

Doctoral School, University of Szczecin, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland

^*

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(9), 4545; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23094545

Submission received: 15 March 2022 / Revised: 17 April 2022 / Accepted: 18 April 2022 / Published: 20 April 2022

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): Pathophysiology)

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Abstract

In the beginning of the third year of the fight against COVID-19, the virus remains at least still one step ahead in the pandemic “war”. The key reasons are evolving lineages and mutations, resulting in an increase of transmissibility and ability to evade immune system. However, from the immunologic point of view, the cytokine storm (CS) remains a poorly understood and difficult to combat culprit of the extended number of in-hospital admissions and deaths. It is not fully clear whether the cytokine release is a harmful result of suppression of the immune system or a positive reaction necessary to clear the virus. To develop methods of appropriate treatment and therefore decrease the mortality of the so-called COVID-19-CS, we need to look deeply inside its pathogenesis, which is the purpose of this review.

Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; viral diseases; cytokines; cytokine storm; immune response; viral response; infection

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MDPI and ACS Style

Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej, P.; Majchrzak, A.; Kurkowska, S.; Małkowska, P.; Sierawska, O.; Hrynkiewicz, R.; Parczewski, M. Immune Signature of COVID-19: In-Depth Reasons and Consequences of the Cytokine Storm. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 4545. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23094545

AMA Style

Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej P, Majchrzak A, Kurkowska S, Małkowska P, Sierawska O, Hrynkiewicz R, Parczewski M. Immune Signature of COVID-19: In-Depth Reasons and Consequences of the Cytokine Storm. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(9):4545. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23094545

Chicago/Turabian Style

Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej, Paulina, Adam Majchrzak, Sara Kurkowska, Paulina Małkowska, Olga Sierawska, Rafał Hrynkiewicz, and Miłosz Parczewski. 2022. "Immune Signature of COVID-19: In-Depth Reasons and Consequences of the Cytokine Storm" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 9: 4545. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23094545

APA Style

Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej, P., Majchrzak, A., Kurkowska, S., Małkowska, P., Sierawska, O., Hrynkiewicz, R., & Parczewski, M. (2022). Immune Signature of COVID-19: In-Depth Reasons and Consequences of the Cytokine Storm. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(9), 4545. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23094545

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Immune Signature of COVID-19: In-Depth Reasons and Consequences of the Cytokine Storm

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