Mechanisms by Which Skeletal Muscle Myokines Ameliorate Insulin Resistance
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Diabetes and Skeletal Muscle Insulin Resistance
1.2. Current Therapies for Prediabetes and Disease Management
1.3. Skeletal Muscle Myokine-Mediated Regulatory Actions
2. Myokine-Mediated Muscle-to-Muscle and Muscle-to-Pancreas Communication
Myokines Mediate Muscle-to-Muscle Cross Talk
3. Muscle-to-Pancreas Cross-Talk
4. Myokine Cross-Talk with Other Major Metabolic Organs
4.1. Muscle-to-Adipose Tissue Cross-Talk
4.2. Muscle-to-Brain Cross-Talk
4.3. Muscle-to-Liver Cross-Talk
4.4. Muscle-to-Heart/Kidney/Bone Tissue Cross-Talk
5. Perspectives: Myokines as Therapeutic Targets for T2D
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Myokines | Organ Cross-Talk | Role in Energy Metabolism |
---|---|---|
Adiponectin | Adipose tissue, Pancreas | ↑ Glucose metabolism [170,171] |
Apelin | Heart, Pancreas | ↑Insulin sensitivity [172] ↑Glucose uptake [173,174] ↑ β-oxidation [175] |
BAIBA | Fat, Liver, Bone | ↑ Mitochondrial metabolism [81,83] ↑ Insulin sensitivity [82] |
CX3CL1/Fractaline | Pancreas | ↑ Fatty acid oxidation [176] |
FGF21 | Adipose tissue, Liver | ↑ Insulin sensitivity [59,177] ↑ Lipolysis [178,179] ↑ Oxidative capacities [180] ↓ Triglycerides l [181,182] |
IL-15 | Adipose tissue, Bone | ↑ Glucose uptake [183] ↑ Fatty acid oxidation [115] ↑ Mitochondrial function [183] ↓Oxidative stress and lipid accumulation [183] |
IL-6 | Liver, Adipose tissue, Pancreas, Bone | ↑ Insulin sensitivity [184] ↑ Glucose uptake [18,184,185] ↑ Fatty acid oxidation [186] ↑ Glycogen synthesis [186] |
IL-10 | Adipose tissue | ↑ Glucose metabolism [187,188] |
Irisin | Adipose tissue, Brain, Bone, Heart, Blood, Kidney | ↑Glucose uptake [64,189] ↑ β-oxidation and mitochondrial biogenesis [63,189] |
METRNL | Adipose tissue | ↑ Glucose metabolism [190,191] |
Musclin (osteocrin) | Heart, Bone, Brain | ↓Decrease glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity |
Myonectin | Heart, Liver, Adipocytes | ↑ Glucose uptake [120] ↑ β-oxidation [123,192] |
Myostatin | Adipose tissue, Liver, Bone, Muscle | ↓Decrease glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity [193,194,195] |
Osteoglycin | Muscle, Bone | ↑ Glucose metabolism [196] ↑ Fatty acid oxidation [197] |
SPARC | Adipose tissue, Muscle | ↑ Glucose tolerance [76] inhibits adipogenesis [198] |
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Balakrishnan, R.; Thurmond, D.C. Mechanisms by Which Skeletal Muscle Myokines Ameliorate Insulin Resistance. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 4636. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23094636
Balakrishnan R, Thurmond DC. Mechanisms by Which Skeletal Muscle Myokines Ameliorate Insulin Resistance. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(9):4636. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23094636
Chicago/Turabian StyleBalakrishnan, Rekha, and Debbie C. Thurmond. 2022. "Mechanisms by Which Skeletal Muscle Myokines Ameliorate Insulin Resistance" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 9: 4636. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23094636
APA StyleBalakrishnan, R., & Thurmond, D. C. (2022). Mechanisms by Which Skeletal Muscle Myokines Ameliorate Insulin Resistance. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(9), 4636. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23094636