Sclerostin: From Molecule to Clinical Biomarker
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Osteogenesis and Regulation of SOST Expression
2.1. SOST Regulation by Mechanotransduction
2.2. SOST Regulation by Steroid Hormones
3. Structural Properties of Human Sclerostin
4. Functional Properties of Sclerostin
5. Pathophysiology and Biological Variability of Sclerostin
Sclerostin as a Treatment Target
6. Current Assays—Sclerostin and Bioactive Sclerostin
Sclerostin Reference Intervals
Reference/Source (Year) | Assays | Reference Interval a (pmol/L) |
---|---|---|
Mödder et al. [75] (2011) | Biomedica | Healthy subjects, 21–97 years Pre-menopausal females, n = 123: 24 ± 1 b Post-menopausal females, n = 152: 28 ± 1 Males, n = 318: 33 ± 1 |
McNulty et al. [121] (2011) | Biomedica | Healthy subjects, 20–59 years, n = 25 Serum: 44 ± 5; heparin plasma: 65 ± 6 b |
Ardawi et al. [122] (2011) | Biomedica | Pre-menopausal females, n = 1235: 7.5–46 Post-menopausal females, n = 568: 23–74 |
Durosier et al. [114] (2013) | Biomedica Meso Scale Discovery | Healthy subjects, 65 ± 1 years, n = 187 Biomedica: 20–101 Meso Scale Discovery: 0.79–3.0 |
Piec et al. [112] (2016) | Biomedica TECOmedical, High sensitive R&D Systems | Healthy subjects, 18–26 years, n = 46 Biomedica: 22–59 (EDTA plasma: 23–71) c TECOmedical: 11–33 (EDTA plasma: 14–49) R&D Systems: 2.7–13 (EDTA plasma: 15–53) |
Drake et al. [113] (2018) | LIAISON® Sclerostin | Healthy subjects, 21–97 years Females, n = 265: 6.2–36 Males, n = 271: 8.2–51 |
Kerschan-Schindl et al. [123] (2022) | Biomedica (Bioactive sclerostin) | Healthy subjects, 26–74 years Females, n = 175: 51 (38–70) d Males, n = 61: 62 (41–92) |
Biomedica (instructions for use) | Sclerostin, BI-20492 | Healthy subjects, n = 411: 11–52 |
Biomedica (instructions for use) | Bioactive sclerostin BI-20472 | Healthy subjects Serum, n = 32, 12–143 EDTA plasma, n = 24, 29–226 |
R&D Systems (Instructions for use) | Quantikine, DSST00 | Healthy subjects, n = 35 Serum: 2.9–13 EDTA plasma: 8.8–31 Heparin plasma: 9.8–35 |
TECOmedical (Instructions for use) | TECO® High sensitive | Pre-menopausal females, n = 20: 9–33 Post-menopausal females, n = 19: 11–40 Males, n = 10: 25–51 |
7. Summary and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
1,25(OH)2D | 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D |
CLIA | Chemiluminescence immunoassay |
CTX | C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen |
Cx43 | Connexin 43 |
DKK1 | Dickkopf-1 |
ECM | Extracellular matrix |
ECR5 | Evolutionarily conserved region 5 |
ELISA | Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay |
EP2 | Prostaglandin E2 receptor subtype 2 |
EP4 | Prostaglandin E2 receptor subtype 4 |
ER | Estrogen receptor |
ERK | Extracellular signal-regulated kinase |
FAK | Focal adhesion kinase |
FFSS | Fluid flow shear stress |
HDAC4/5 | Histone deacetylase 4/5 |
LRP | Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein |
MEF2C | Myocyte-specific enhancer factor 2C |
PDB | Paget’s disease of bone |
PGE2 | Prostaglandin E2 |
PI3K | Phosphoinositide 3-kinase |
pLDDT | Predicted local-distance difference test |
TCF/LEF | T-cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor |
Wnt | Wingless-related integration site |
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Company | Assay Name | Assay Range (pmol/L) | Sensitivity (pmol/L) |
---|---|---|---|
Biomedica | Sclerostin ELISA | 15–240 | 3.2 |
Biomedica | Bioactive Sclerostin ELISA | 10–320 | 1.9 |
Boster Bio | Sclerostin/SOST ELISA PicoKine™ | 1.4–88 | <0.4 |
G-Biosciences | Immunotag™ SOST (Sclerostin) | 2.8–176 | 1.7 |
LifeSpan BioSciences | SOST/Sclerostin ELISA | 2.8–176 | 1.7 |
R&D Systems | SOST/Sclerostin Quantikine ELISA | 1.4–88 | 0.17 |
RayBiotech | RayBio® SOST ELISA | 1.8–440 | 1.8 |
TECOmedical | Sclerostin TECO® High sensitive | 2.2–132 | 0.44 |
Invitrogen | Sclerostin (SOST) ELISA | 1.8–440 | 0.66 |
Assays other than ELISA | |||
DiaSorin | LIAISON® Sclerostin, by automated CLIA | 2.2–264 | 0.88 |
Meso Scale Discovery | Human Bone Panel I Kit, by Multiplex | 0–440 | 0.05 |
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Omran, A.; Atanasova, D.; Landgren, F.; Magnusson, P. Sclerostin: From Molecule to Clinical Biomarker. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 4751. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23094751
Omran A, Atanasova D, Landgren F, Magnusson P. Sclerostin: From Molecule to Clinical Biomarker. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(9):4751. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23094751
Chicago/Turabian StyleOmran, Ahmed, Diana Atanasova, Filip Landgren, and Per Magnusson. 2022. "Sclerostin: From Molecule to Clinical Biomarker" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 9: 4751. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23094751