Friend or Foe: The Relativity of (Anti)oxidative Agents and Pathways
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Iron, an Element with Multiple Roles
2.1. Absorption, Transport, and Cellular Uptake of Iron
2.2. Cellular Iron Homeostasis: Regulation and Dysregulation
2.3. Ferritinophagy and Iron Overload-Induced Toxicity
3. The Dual Role of ROS
3.1. Cellular Sources and Roles of ROS
3.2. ROS in Cancer
3.3. ROS in Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury
3.4. ROS in the Defence against Pathogens
4. Ascorbate: The Molecule of Clichés
4.1. The Excellent Antioxidant
4.2. How can Ascorbic Acid Give Solutions to Everyday Problems?
4.3. Outside of the Cliché: The Pro-Oxidant Role of Ascorbate
4.3.1. Rupture of Bioenergetics
4.3.2. DNA Damage
4.3.3. Accelerated Degradation of HIF-1α, Decreased Adaptation to Hypoxia
4.3.4. Impairment of Hybrid and Warburg Metabolism
4.3.5. The Halt of MAPK/ERK and PI3K/AKT Signalling
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Szarka, A.; Lőrincz, T.; Hajdinák, P. Friend or Foe: The Relativity of (Anti)oxidative Agents and Pathways. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 5188. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23095188
Szarka A, Lőrincz T, Hajdinák P. Friend or Foe: The Relativity of (Anti)oxidative Agents and Pathways. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(9):5188. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23095188
Chicago/Turabian StyleSzarka, András, Tamás Lőrincz, and Péter Hajdinák. 2022. "Friend or Foe: The Relativity of (Anti)oxidative Agents and Pathways" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 9: 5188. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23095188